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sel sex alms dosa ends gems lust rise sati ties adosa ASURA asura bases bonds cause chaos doors issa^ RAKSA rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA vasi^ YAKSA yokes a^sava abodes access asekha beings BHIKSU biases course elders escape floods forest ghosts gnosis groups jewels kasina kilesa kusala misery phassa planes powers samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints truths tusita usages VAISYA WISDOM wisdom a^ka^sa absence ahimsa^ AKUSALA akusala anusaya arising cankers desana^ destiny disease factors fetters HSU YUN insight KUSHALA mastery message nissaya obha^sa remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a 戒(sila) AKUSHALA anussati aversion BHIKSUNI bondages cetasika delusion elements extremes fatalism gladness grasping influxes interest KSATRIYA not self opposite postures progress sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness upa^saka uposatha upstream vimamsa^ visuddhi 谛(satya) 空(sunya) asankhata avihimsa^ boundless cosmogony domanassa dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness existence faculties FIVE EYES happiness impulsion lightness mind base obstacles SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti sarana treasures upa^sika^ vanishing YASODHARA a^bhassara abhisamaya absorption aggregates ALMSGIVING antinomies appendants asmi ma^na bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conditions dibba sota elasticity enthusiasm expression few wishes FOUR SEALS hindrances impression impurities ka^ma^sava low speech MAHASATTVA messengers obduracies para^ma^sa patisandhi repression sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa TEN POWERS tendencies TWO DEATHS unshakable upakkilesa vesa^rajja vipalla^sa vipassana^ 不害(ahimsa) abstentions ahosi kamma alms giving ANAPANASATI anupassana^ ariya sacca ariya vamsa association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA chaste life co nascence corruptions defilements destruction dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS foundations inseparable intoxicants khi^na^sava kusala múla LOTUS SUTRA manasika^ra mindfulness NINE REALMS perfections personality perversions pure abodes sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo kasina THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS unwholesome uprightness wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 結集(samgiti) 輪回(samsara) a^savakkhaya body witness covetousness dispensation dissociation dry visioned FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES harmlessness homelessness inclinations ka^ya sakkhi karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes pakati si^la pan~ca si^la pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness proclivities purisindriya radiant gods recollectons restlessness RIGHT SPEECH sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry subconscious suddha^va^sa supermundane THREE DOGMAS THREE JEWELS THREE REALMS THREE WISDOM TWELVE BASES viveka sukha 佛教(Buddhism) 僧伽製度(samgha) 鐵薩羅(Tissara) a^loka kasina Abbreviations abhisankha^ra attentiveness BHAISAJYAGURU birth process companionship comprehension consciousness contentedness dasa pa^rami^ deathlessness demons’ realm disappearance FIVE BHIKSHUS FIVE OFFENCES FIVE PRECEPTS FIVE SKANDHAS FIVE VEHICLES fixed destiny higher wisdom imperfections investigating investigation karma process loathsomeness lohita kasina noble persons oda^ta kasina patisambhida^ patisankha^na post nascence sa^vaka bodhi sakada^ga^mi^ sammuti sacca samvara si^la sasankha^rika satipattha^na shamelessness silent buddha SIX ENTRANCES stream winner subha nimitta susa^nik’anga THREE POISONS THREE SHASTRA THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES TIEN TAI SECT TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES understanding voha^ra sacca 大史(Mahavamsa) 島史(Diqavamsa) 迦膩色迦(Kaniska) 馬鳴(Asvaghosa) 舍衛城(Sravasti) a^ka^sa dha^tu altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA asan~n~a satta AVALOKITESVARA Buddha sa^sana buddha^nussati citta santa^na citta visuddhi dasaka kala^pa desirelessness devata^nussati dhamma desana^ dhamma^nussati eka^sanik’anga foolish babble frivolous talk kusala vipa^ka marana^nussati saddha^nusa^ri sahetuka citta samudaya sacca samvara suddhi samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured TEN DIRECTIONS TEN GOOD DEEDS transformation transitoriness TWELVE NIDANAS upekkha^ sukha va^ritta si^la visible object 大圓滿(mahasanti) 二谛(twi-satyas) 叁谛(tri-satyas) a^loka san~n~a^ a^na^pa^na sati akusala vitakka anicca san~n~a^ appama^na subha characteristics citta sankha^ra dhamma^nusa^ri^ ditthi visuddhi EIGHT NEGATIONS EIGHTEEN FIELDS FIVE MESSENGERS FOUR GREAT VOWS gustatory organ indriya samatta ka^ya passaddhi loving kindness misapprehension naya vipassana^ nihilistic view nissaya paccaya pamsukúlik’anga pathavi^ kasina sakka^ya ditthi samatha ya^nika samma^ sambodhi sankhitta citta sapada^nik’anga sappatigha rúpa sceptical doubt self confidence SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma TAKING PRECEPTS THREE DELUSIONS THREE OBSTACLES tranquilisation upasama^nussati vaci^ sankha^ra vaya^nupassana^ voha^ra desana^ 百論(Sata-sastra) 法護(Dharmaraksa) 極樂世界(sukhavati) 支婁迦谶(Lokaksema) a^sevana paccaya abbhoka^sik’anga anatta^ san~n~a^ appana^ sama^dhi assa^sa passa^sa AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series EIGHT SUFFERINGS FOUR HOLY REALMS ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya^nupassana^ karma formations khandha santa^na khaya^nupassana^ maha^ vipassana^ mano san~cetana^ monks’ community nava satta^va^sa nissaya nissita reversible merit samma^ ppadha^na samvara padha^na santi^rana citta sensuous craving SIX SENSE-ORGANS streams of merit sukkha vipassaka supportive karma THIRTY-TWO FORMS THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS THREE SUFFERINGS 經量部(Sautrantike) 六度(sad-paramita) 律經(Vinaya-sutra) 叁性(tri-svabhava) 釋迦牟尼 (Sakyamuni) 四谛(catur-satyas) adhisi^la sikkha^ anatta^nupassana^ anicca^nupassana^ ascending insight bhavanga santa^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma dhamma^nupassana^ disinterestedness ditthi vipalla^sa dukkha^nupassana^ eye consciousness FIVE COMMANDMENTS FOREMOST PARAMITA FOUR FEARLESSNESS FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS FOURFOLD ASSEMBLY highest knowledge immaterial sphere kusala kammapatha manopadosika deva na^natta san~n~a^ nissarana paha^na NO STRIFE SAMADHI non disappearance pa^risuddhi si^la pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la paricchinna^ka^sa paticcasamuppa^da sahaja^ta paccaya santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava sensuous clinging SINGALOVADA SUTRA SIX CONSCIOUSNESS SIX PSYCHIC POWER sudassa sudassi^ suppressive karma TEN DHARMA REALMS TEN WHOLESOMENESS upaca^ra sama^dhi vedana^nupassana^ 迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu) 叁學(tisrah siksah) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika asankha^rika citta cycle of existence domanassupavica^ra full comprehension hasituppa^da citta marana^sanna kamma meritorious action nirodha sama^patti nirodha^nupassana^ parikamma sama^dhi patikkúla san~n~a^ reflex perceptions samatha vipassana^ sampayutta paccaya samuccheda paha^na self mortification SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA SIX EXTERNAL BASES SIX INTERNAL BASES somanassúpavica^ra SPHERE OF NO-THING TWO FORMS OF DEATH unconscious beings upanissaya paccaya vipassanúpakkilesa vira^ga^nupassana^ wheel of existence yoniso manasika^ra 蓮花生(Padmasambhava) 無著(Asanga 約4或5世紀) 最澄(Saicho 767~822) anabhirati san~n~a^ animitta^nupassana^ answering questions ANUPADISESA-NIBBANA attha patisambhida^ death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS fruits of monk life gradual instruction kilesa parinibba^na lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka one group existence red kasina exercise RIGHT UNDERSTANDING samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta san~n~a^ vipalla^sa sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ TEN GREAT KING VOWS viriya sambojjhanga 阿底峽(Atisa 982~1054) 大乘經(Mahayana sutra) 寂天(Santideva 約7世紀) 六足論(Satpada sastra) 清淨道論(Visuddhimagga) 說一切有部(Sarvastivada) access concentration cemetery meditations dhamma patisambhida^ ditthi nissita si^la five group existence four group existence greedy consciousness ka^mesu miccha^ca^ra MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE paccavekkhana suddhi pubbeniva^sa^nussati pun~n~a^bhisankha^ra regenerating process sama^dhi parikkha^ra samvejani^ya ttha^na SA-UPADISESA-NIBBANA SIX FIELDS OF SENSES SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ tanha^ nissita si^la TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS ti hetu patisandhika VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 大乘論(Mahayana sastra) 榮西(Eisai 1141~1215) 小乘論(Hinayana sastra) 源信(Genshin 942~1017) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana anupa^disesa nibba^na apun~n~a^bhisankha^ra deluded consciousness DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi indriya samvara si^la n’eva sekha n’a^sekha nine abodes of beings ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na questions and answers REALM OF FORMLESSNESS sacca^nulomika n~a^na sama^dhi sambojjhanga SIX HEAVENS OF DESIRE sota^pannassa anga^ni TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS THREE PERIODS OF TIME transference of merit upekkha^ sambojjhanga visesa bha^giya si^la 朝鮮佛教(Korean Buddhism) 梵網經(Brahmajala-sutra) 覺音(Buddhaghosa 5世紀中葉) 蓮花戒(Kamalasila ?~780) 世親(Vasubandhu 約4或5世紀) 印度佛教(Indian Buddhism) 中論(Madhyamika-sastra) abhisama^ca^rika si^la bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa desire for deliverance desireless deliverance FIVE FORMS OF DECAYING FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA kamma samuttha^na rúpa khidda padosika^ deva^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi orambha^giya samyojana passaddhi sambojjhanga prescribed moral rules resistance perceptions sa upa^disesa nibba^na sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS unshakable deliverance viparina^ma^nupassana^ 長阿含經(Dirghagama-sutra) 超戒寺(Vikramasilavihara) 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) 親鸾(Shinran 1173~1262) 緣起(pratitya-samutpada) 中國佛教(Chinese Buddhism) dasa (tatha^gata ) bala FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS FOUR IMMEASURABLE MINDS NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge sabbúpadhi patinissagga sankha^rupekkha^ n~a^na si^la sama^dhi pan~n~a^ SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 八正道(aryastangika-marga) 成實論(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 大乘佛教(Mahayana Byddhism) 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 日本佛教(Japanese Buddhism) a^dibrahmacariyaka si^la ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI asankha^ra parinibba^yi^ bhanga^nupassana^ n~a^na clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ka^ma sukh’allika^nuyoga multiformity perceptions paccaya sannissita si^la paricchinna^ka^sa kasina patibha^na patisambhida^ REALM OF SENSUOUS DESIRE sacchikarani^ya^ dhamma^ uddhambha^giya samyojana verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra) 寂護(Santiraksita 705~762) 戒日王(Siladitya 約590~647) 戒賢(Silabhadra 約528~651 ) 摩诃僧祇律(Mahasangha-vinaya) 尼泊爾佛教(Nepalese Buddhism) 十誦律(Sarvastivada-vinaya) 實叉難陀(Siksananda 652~710) 無量壽經(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 雜阿含經(Samyuktagama-sutra) a^ji^va pa^risuddhi si^la adukkha m asukha^ vedana^ hate rooted consciousness indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi nibbida^nupassana^ n~a^na pa^risuddhi padha^niyanga pa^timokkha samvara si^la registering consciousness sama^dhi vippha^ra^ iddhi SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA sasankha^ra parinibba^yi^ spontaneously born beings support decisive support TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA vanishing and reappearing VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文學(Buddhist literature) 摩诃菩提會(Maha Bodhi Society) 昙無谶(Dharmaksema 385~433) 增一阿含經(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含經(Madh yamagama-sutra) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ ability to acquire insight analysis of the 4 elements dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu dhamma vicaya sambojjhanga functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element paranimmita vasavatti deva parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 發智論(Jnanaprasthana-sastra) 俱舍論(Abhidharmakosa-sastra) 越南佛教(Vietnamese Buddhism) a^di^nava^nupassana^ n~a^na balance of mental faculties PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana 佛教建築(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT udayabbaya^nupassana^ n~a^na 常樂我淨(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃經(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 觀無量壽經(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞嚴經(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 菩薩戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) 乞[口*栗]雙提贊Khri-Sron-Lde-bTsan 瑜伽師地論(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 斯裏蘭卡佛教(Buddhism in Sri Lanka) 中國佛教美術(Buddhist art in China) adhipan~n~a^ dhamma vipassana^ ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 維摩經(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 村上專精(Murakami Senjo 1851~1928) 大般若經(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 鈴木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法蓮華經(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中國佛教音樂(Buddhist music in China) patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 大智度論(Mahaprajna-paramita-sastra) 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) anan~n~a^tan~ n~assa^mi^t’indriya citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa FOUR ASPECTS (OF BUDDHIST DHARMA) n’eva san~n~a^ n’a^san~n~a^yatana 勝鬘經(Srimala-devi simhanada-sutra) 望月信亨(Mochizuki Shinko 1869~1948) a^ha^ra ja (or-samuttha^na) - rúpa magga^magga n~a^nadassana visuddhi NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 成唯識論(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-sastra) 東南亞佛教(Buddhism in South East Asia) EIGHT DIVISIONS OF GODS AND DRAGONS 高楠順次郎(Takakusu Junjiro 1866~1945) 解深密經(Sandhinir-mokcana-vyuha-sutra) 攝大乘論(Mahayana-samuparigraha-sastra) 中國佛學院(The Chinese Buddhist Academy) 達斯,S·C·(Sarat Chandra Das 1849~1917) 大乘起信論(Maha yana-Sraddhotpada-sastra) 大毗婆沙論(Abhidharma-mahavibhasa-sastra) 歐美佛教(Buddhism in America and Europe) a^rammana^dhipati a^rammanupanissaya FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS TWELVE LINKS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION 般若波羅蜜多心經(Prajna-paramita-hrdaya-sutra) FOUR WAYS (OF LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 雜阿毗昙心論(Samyuktabhidharma-hrdaya-sastra) TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 金剛經(Vajracchedika-prajna-paramita-sutra) 異部宗輪論(Samayabhedo-paracanacak-ra-sastra) 華嚴經(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 叁十七菩提分(saptatrimsadbodhi-paksika-dharmah) 中國佛教協會(The Buddhist Association of China) karmically wholesome, unwholesome, neutral thiti bha^giya si^la, sama^dhi, pan~n~a^ FOUR RELIANCE (TO LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 大方等大集經(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) SPHERE OF NEITHER-PERCEPTION-NOR-NON-PERCEPTION 阿彌陀經(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 李斯·戴維斯,T·W·(Thomas Williams Rhys Davids 1843~1922) 唯識二十論(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-vimsa-kakarika-sastra) 唯識叁十頌(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-trimsai-kakarika-sastra) 馬拉拉塞克拉,G·P·(Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera 1899~1973) 國際佛教研究協會(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) sura^meraya majja ppama^dattha^na^ veramani^ sikkha^padam sama^diya^mi ▲ 收起
英漢對照詞典 【829】SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA

Samantabhadra  Bodhisattva  ==  普賢菩薩

Also  called  Visvabhadra  Bodhisattva,  Universally  Worthy  Bodhisattva.  Being  one  of  the  Four  Great  Bodhisattvas,  he  is  the  Bodhisattva  of  Great  Conduct,  representing  the  Law.  He  has  Ten  Great  King  Vows,  which  are  the  guidelines  in  practising  Buddhism,  and  cultivating  the  Buddhist  Way.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【830】sasankha^ra parinibba^yi^

”one  who  reaches  Nibba^na  with  exertion”,  is  a  name  of  one  of  the  5  kinds  of  Non-returners  (ana^ga^mi^,  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【831】spontaneously born beings

  opapa^tika  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【832】support decisive support

  (nissaya,  upanissaya)  are  two  of  the  24  conditions  (s.  paccaya).

英漢對照詞典 【833】TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA

Ten  Stages  of  Bodhisattva  ==  十地菩薩

These  are  the  ten  stages  of  development  of  Bodhisattva  depending  on  their  merits  and  virtues:  
1.Pramudita  (joy)  -  job  at  having  overcome  the  difficulties  and  sufferings,  now  entering  on  the  path  to  Buddhahood  
2.Vimala  (purity)  -  freedom  from  all  possible  defilement  
3.Prabhakari  (enlightenment)  -  stage  of  further  enlightenment  
4.Arcismati  (widsom)  -  stage  of  glowing  wisdom  
5.Sudurjaya  (no  difficulty)  -  stage  of  mastering  the  utmost  difficulties  
6.Abhimukhi  (open  way)  -  the  open  way  of  wisdom  above  definitions  of  impurity  and  purity  
7.Duramgama  (proceeding  afar)  -  getting  above  ideas  of  self  in  order  to  save  others  
8.Acala  (unperturbed)  -  attainment  of  being  unperturbed  
9.Sadhumati  (discriminatory  wisdom)  -  the  finest  discriminatory  wisdom,  knowing  where  and  how  to  save,  and  possessing  the  Ten  Powers  
10.Dharma  megha  (law  cloud)  -  attainment  of  the  fertilizing  powers  of  law  cloud

南傳佛教英文辭典 【834】vanishing and reappearing

  knowledge  of  the  v.  and  r.  of  beings  according  to  karma,  is  identical  with  the  divine  eye  (s.  abhin~n~a^  5).

英漢對照詞典 【835】VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA

Vimalakirti-Nivdesa  Sutra  ==  維摩诘經

Vimalakirti,  a  Sanskrit  word,  means  undefiled  and  pure  reputation.  Vimalakirti  was  said  to  be  a  native  of  Vaisali,  and  an  upasaka  (not  a  monk)  to  assist  Shakyamuni  to  preach  and  cross  over  the  human  beings.  The  Sutra  is  the  record  of  interesting  conversation  between  Vimalakirti  and  Manjusri  Bodhisattva  regarding  the  understanding  of  One  Buddha  Vehicle.

中國百科全書 【836】佛教文學(Buddhist literature)

  Fojiao  wenxue

  文學  數千卷印度佛典,如《維摩經》、《妙法蓮華經》、《楞嚴經》等,本身就是瑰麗的文學作品,向爲文人所喜愛。《百喻經》已被譯爲多種文字,其中的譬喻故事被認爲是世界文學中的珍品。敘述佛陀前生的《本生經》(《本生譚》)是著名的傳記文學。馬鳴的《佛所行贊》是印度著名的長篇敘事詩之一。其他如佛教典籍中的偈頌、贊、散文、故事、俗講、變文、語錄、傳記、遊記、文集等,均爲優美的佛教文學作品。中國、日本、斯裏蘭卡的很多著名的文學作品,都是在佛教的影響下,汲取本國傳統文學的藝術形式,逐漸形成的一種獨具風格的文學作品。它帶來了新的意境、新的文體和新的命意遣詞方法。《維摩經》、《百喻經》等,鼓舞了中國晉、唐小說的創作;俗講、變文對後來的平話、小說、戲曲等中國通俗文學的形成,有一定的淵源關系;禅宗語錄不僅爲宋明理學家所仿效,也影響到後來的民間文學作品。

中國百科全書 【837】摩诃菩提會(Maha Bodhi Society)

  佛教國際性組織。原名佛陀伽耶摩诃菩提會。摩诃菩提是“廣覺悟”的意思,1891年5月創立于錫蘭(今斯裏蘭卡)首都科倫坡,創始人是達摩波羅,其目的是要收複、維護印度菩提伽耶等佛教聖地及在世界各地複興佛教。1891年6月派遣第一個傳教團去菩提伽耶,10月在該地首次召開了國際佛教會議,有錫蘭、中國、日本、緬甸和印度等國佛教代表出度。1892年,該會總部由科倫坡遷到印度加爾各答,同時,出版《摩诃菩提與統一佛教世界》雜志。1915年,在加爾各答建造總部法王舍利寺。

  摩诃菩提會的主要工作雖在印度,但其影響及于世界很多地區,除印度的馬德拉斯、拘屍那揭羅、孟買、新德裏、伽耶以及錫蘭的阿努拉德·普勒和東南亞外,還在日本、英國、德國、美國、澳大利亞和非洲成立了分會或傳教中心;在鹿野苑、孟買等地興建寺廟、圖書館、施診所等。1933年創辦摩诃菩提教育學院。1936年成立了摩诃菩提會青年聯盟。此外,出版了不少不同語種的叁藏經典和書刊;編輯、發行了《摩诃菩提》雜志;經常派人到世界各地弘傳佛教。目前總部仍在印度,並主辦達摩波羅文化研究所、摩诃菩提學院等。(葉均)

中國百科全書 【838】昙無谶(Dharmaksema 385~433)

  Tanwuchen

  東晉僧人。中印度人。幼出家,初學小乘兼究五明。見《大般涅槃經》,悔而改學大乘。年至二十誦大小乘經200余萬言,又擅咒術,西域稱爲大咒師。後攜《大般涅槃經》前分(10或12卷)並《菩薩戒經》(即唐玄奘譯《瑜伽師地論菩薩地》)、《菩薩戒本》等至罽賓,又到龜茲、敦煌。北涼玄始十年(421)至姑臧,受到北涼王沮渠蒙遜禮遇。學漢語叁年後,以河西沙門慧嵩、道朗爲助手,譯出《大般槃經》40卷  、《大方等大集經》29卷、《菩薩地持經》8卷、《金光明經》4卷、《優婆塞戒經》7卷、《大雲經》4卷等共19部131卷。在谶譯40卷本《大般涅槃經》中,有“一切衆生悉有佛性”之說,對中國佛教思想的發展影響很大。他的譯本世稱“北本涅槃”。後來,南朝宋謝靈運以谶譯《大般涅槃經》勘合法顯與佛陀跋陀羅的譯本,改訂文字成書,稱“南本涅槃”。據史書記載,北魏太武帝拓拔焘聞昙無谶有道術,遣使向蒙遜強索,蒙遜不得已而放行,然又派人刺殺于途中。(郭元興)

中國百科全書 【839】增一阿含經(Ekottaragama-sutra)

  Zengyi”ahanjing

  原始佛教基本經典。北傳四部阿含之一。東晉僧伽提婆譯。51卷(一作50卷)。因經文按法數順序相次編纂,故名。相傳原由前秦昙摩難提誦出梵本,竺佛念傳譯,昙嵩筆受,後經道安、法和考正,僧契、僧茂助校漏失,盡錄偈頌。但譯文未能盡善,故由僧伽提婆加以修訂。據《精刻大藏經目錄》(支那內學院編)記載,別譯零本現存30種。《增一阿含經》與南傳《增支部經典》大體相應,後者收經比前者爲多。此經原爲四分八誦,但現行本除“牧(放)羊品”下標有“第四分別誦”外,蓁各分均不標誦。全經共有52品,472部經。其中《序品》一經,以頌文概敘本經意旨,以及囑付流布等事。蓁各品次第系一未能至十一法。

  此經記述佛陀和其弟子們的事迹;闡述出家僧尼的戒律和對俗人修行的規定;論述小乘佛教的主要教義等。因經中有“六度”、“叁乘”等詞句,承認菩薩大乘,近乎大衆部的主張,故一般認爲是大衆部的傳本。此經的重點在說施戒涅槃等事及各種因緣故事,故又爲勸化者所專習。本書同其他叁部阿含一樣,系記載原始佛教教義的重要典籍,在印度佛教史上占有重要地位,爲研究佛教産生以及當時北印度政治、宗教、哲學等提供了資料。(任傑)

中國百科全書 【840】中阿含經(Madh yamagama-sutra)

  Zhong  a  hanjing

  原始佛教基本經典。北傳佛教四部阿含之一。因所集各經篇幅適中,故名。東晉僧伽提婆與僧伽羅叉譯。60卷。據傳昙摩難提于前秦建元二十年(384)曾譯出59卷,早佚。此經爲說一切有部所傳,原本已不存,近代中國新疆地區曾發現零星梵文殘片。曆代單經零本翻譯頗多,據《精刻大藏經目錄》(支那內學院編)記載,現存73種。漢譯《中阿含經》與南傳“中部經典”大體相應,前者收經較多。一般認爲,在《中阿含經》和“中部經典”編集之前,已有許多經文單獨流行。兩傳文本所集經文都沒有按其形成的次序排列。

  《中阿含經》收經222部,分爲五誦十八品。經文分品,並無統一劃分標准,大致有如下幾種形式:①根據經文所述的主要教義分品。如《業相應品》有10部經,主要闡述業報輪回等教義,兼駁耆那教苦行滅業和其他宗教派別的業報學說;《未曾有法品》有10部經,主要記述佛陀的往生事迹和阿難等佛弟子的持戒修行。此外,《根本分別品》等把論述相同教義的若幹部經集成一品;②根據經文中出現的主要人物列成專品。如《舍利子相應品》有11部經,敘事都與舍利子有關;③依據說法的形式分品。如《七法品》有10部經,各經都列舉7種比喻闡發教理;④取所集經中一部經名作爲品名。如《長壽王品》、《脯利多品》等。些外還有一品,名爲《雙品》,但品名與所集經文完全無關。因《雙品》前五部經放在第四誦,後五部經放在第五誦,故以此爲名。

  全經包括叁個主要內容:①詳述各種修行規定之間的相互關系以及它們在達到涅槃解脫過程中的作用,這是此經的重點.如對叁學(戒、定、慧)之間的關系以及它們與涅槃的關系,論述較多。此外,還就如何斷滅“無明”,修行取得功果等,以闡明達到涅槃的修道層次;②聯系當時社會現實闡述善惡因果報應,鼓勵在家信徒和俗人止惡行善③論述四谛、八正道、緣起、十二因緣、四禅、六界、六處、十八意行等小乘佛教教義,闡發了無常、無我和一切皆苦的思想。大多數品論述的問題比較集中,多用日常生活事例和寓言故事闡發教理。以著重講述各種學說之間的關系爲特點。後出的許多經、律多引述其內容。(任傑  魏道儒)

南傳佛教英文辭典 【841】a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^

”reflection  on  the  loathsomeness  of  food”,  fully  described  in  Vis.M.  XI,  l.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【842】ability to acquire insight

  cf.  ugghatitan~n~ú,  vipacitan~n~ú  neyya.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【843】analysis of the 4 elements

  dha^tu-vavattha^na  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【844】dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu

  s.  pun~n~a-kiriya-vatthu.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【845】dhamma vicaya sambojjhanga

”investigation  of  the  law  as  factor  of  enlightenment”,  is  one  of  the  7  factors  of  enlightenment  (bojjhanga,  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【846】functions of consciousness

  vin~n~a^na-kicca  (q.v.).

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