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utu atta both catu gati hate hetu lust meat path peta sati talk ties tree unit agati amata ARHAT atta^ citta death doubt faith great ja^ti light merit METTA mirth pi^ti right satta sloth STUPA SUTRA vatta water " action ANATTA Arahat atappa beauty carita dha^tu ditthi eating EFFORT effort fixity forest gantha ghosts growth JATAKA khanti MANTRA MATTER matter method metta^ MUDITA object purity stains sugati taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita vatthu virati virtue agility anatta^ cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter created destiny devotee duggati emotion factors fetters HUA TOU insight ji^vita lahuta^ mastery matured mudita^ muduta^ neutral nimitta okkanti ottappa patched patigha perfect rapture reality rebirth samatha sammuti sassata sitting thought turning vimutti vipatti vitakka vivatta a^yatana adherent AMITABHA anussati atima^na ca^ritta cemetery cetasika departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fruition gotrabhú impurity interest kammanta KSATRIYA maintain MAITREYA MORALITY morality nibbatti not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice reaction sammatta sankhata santa^na serenity sucarita Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training ujukata^ uposatha upstream virility vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) acinteyya adhicitta akanittha anottappa asankhata attention avya^kata beautiful breathing cetokhila character CONDITION deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga duccarita dukkhata^ EMPTINESS emptiness existence faculties formation immediate intention lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta nutriment obstacles pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha proximity ready wit SARIPUTRA SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS something ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA vinipa^ta aberration absorption ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates analytical antinomies appendants awakenment BODHISATTA Bodhisatta conception conditions contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment dibba sota ego entity elasticity enthusiasm equanimity EXTINCTION extinction femininity foundation functional generation impurities inducement intimation liberality liberation MAHASATTVA MEDITATION meditation mutability opapa^tika paramattha patisandhi pattida^na productive puthujjana reflection repetition RIGHT VIEW sama^patti sensuality si^labbata sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS vin~n~atti wrong path 無常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ANAPANASATI appicchata^ association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA chaste life contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness EIGHT WINDS enlightened foundations immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative intoxicants itthindriya kamma patha kamma vatta LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object origination pa^timokkha paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections personality preparatory realization RECOGNITION rúpa^yatana sala^yatana samuttha^na san~cetana^ si^vathika^ tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable uprightness vavattha^na 結集(samgiti) 無我(anatman) 真如(tathata) abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dispensation dissociation fire element FOUR VIRTUES hate natured heat element hiri ottappa inclinations intoxicating ka^ma tanha^ kammattha^na karma result light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness proclivities purification ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH santutthita^ SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry TEN PARAMITA THREE DOGMAS THREE JEWELS THREE REALMS THREE WISDOM tranquillity TWELVE BASES twin miracle va^yo dha^tu vatthu ka^ma wind element 叁界(tridhatu) 鐵薩羅(Tissara) Abbreviations ahetuka citta anatta^ va^da anuloma citta attentiveness atthi paccaya birth process cakkhu dha^tu concentration CONTEMPLATION contemplation contentedness deathlessness determination dhamma dha^tu dhamma^yatana ditthi ppatta earth element ENLIGHTENMENT enlightenment FIVE PRECEPTS fixed destiny FOUR FRUITION hadaya vatthu imperfections investigating investigation ka^ya lahuta^ kamman~n~ata^ kammattha^na^ loathsomeness lohita kasina material food mental action nimma^na rati oda^ta kasina pa^gun~n~ata^ patisambhida^ patisankha^na post nascence RIGHT THOUGHT sammuti sacca satipattha^na silent buddha SIX ENTRANCES stream winner subha nimitta tanha^ kkhaya THREE POISONS THREE SHASTRA THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES TIEN TAI SECT tittha^yatana TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES unconditioned understanding verbal action vipacitan~n~u vivatta kappa water element weighty karma 阿旃陀石窟(Ajanta) 舍衛城(Sravasti) 因明(Hetuvidya) a^ka^sa dha^tu abhibha^yatana ahetuka ditthi akiriya ditthi altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA asan~n~a satta atta kilamatha auditory organ AVALOKITESVARA buddha^nussati citt’ekaggata^ citta santa^na citta visuddhi devata^nussati dhamma^nussati EIGHTFOLD PATH eightfold path frivolous talk greedy natured habitual karma kalya^na mitta katatta^ kamma marana^nussati natthi paccaya niyata puggala path condition relative truth sahetuka citta samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured TEN DIRECTIONS TEN GOOD DEEDS transformation transitoriness TWELVE NIDANAS uccheda ditthi uggaha nimitta ugghatitan~n~u upapatti bhava va^ritta si^la vibhava tanha^ vigata paccaya visible object 大圓滿(mahasanti) 二谛(twi-satyas) 叁谛(tri-satyas) a^na^pa^na sati akusala vitakka avigata paccaya cakkh’ a^yatana characteristics citta sankha^ra deluded natured ditth’upa^da^na ditthi visuddhi EIGHT NEGATIONS EIGHTEEN FIELDS eternity belief FOUR GREAT VOWS gotrabhú n~a^na gustatory organ indriya samatta mental function mental obduracy natthika ditthi nihilistic view olfactory organ pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina PRATYEKA-BUDDHA sakka^ya ditthi samatha ya^nika sankhitta citta sappatigha rúpa sceptical doubt SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma tadanga paha^na TAKING PRECEPTS tatha^gata bala THREE DELUSIONS THREE OBSTACLES tranquilisation upasama^nussati vitakka vica^ra 百論(Sata-sastra) 大藏經(tri-pitaka) 法界(dharmadhatu) 極樂世界(sukhavati) adhipati paccaya anantara paccaya anatta^ san~n~a^ atthangika magga AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series dukkha patipada^ EIGHT SUFFERINGS equality conceit faithful natured immaterial world ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya vin~n~atti karma formations khandha santa^na life infatuation mano san~cetana^ mental formation monks’ community natural morality nava satta^va^sa neyyattha dhamma ni^tattha dhamma nissaya nissita pan~n~a^ vimutti pindapa^tik’anga reversible merit RIGHT LIVELIHOOD round of rebirth santi^rana citta streams of merit supportive karma te ci^varik’anga THIRTY-TWO FORMS THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS THREE SUFFERINGS tiraccha^na yoni vaci^ vin~n~atti votthapana citta wheel of the law 經量部(Sautrantike) 六度(sad-paramita) 律經(Vinaya-sutra) 叁性(tri-svabhava) 四谛(catur-satyas) 吳哥古迹(Angkor Vat) a^nantarika kamma a^nupubbi^ katha^ ahirika anottappa anatta^nupassana^ animitta vimokkha ascending insight bhavanga santa^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma disinterestedness ditthi vipalla^sa FIVE COMMANDMENTS FOREMOST PARAMITA FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS highest knowledge immaterial sphere ineffective karma kusala kammapatha mental advertence n~a^ta parin~n~a^ na^natta san~n~a^ NO STRIFE SAMADHI pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la parikamma nimitta paticcasamuppa^da patta pindik’anga pureja^ta paccaya RIGHT REMEMBRANCE sahaja^ta paccaya santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava SINGALOVADA SUTRA tatramajjhattata^ TEN DHARMA REALMS TEN WHOLESOMENESS upagha^taka kamma vin~n~a^na tthiti youth infatuation 迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu) 叁學(tisrah siksah) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika an~n~a^ta^vindriya asankha^rika citta atta va^dupa^da^na catu voka^ra bhava ceto pariya n~a^na corporeality group cycle of existence dha^tu vavattha^na hasituppa^da citta health infatuation karma accumulation maturity knowledge meritorious action nirodha sama^patti patibha^ga nimitta patikkúla san~n~a^ reflex perceptions regenerative karma ruminating natured samatha vipassana^ sampayutta paccaya self mortification SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA SIX EXTERNAL BASES SIX INTERNAL BASES SPHERE OF NO-THING tada^rammana citta tatra majjhattata^ ti^rana parin~n~a^ tiraccha^na katha^ TWO FORMS OF DEATH vippayutta paccaya wheel of existence 佛所行贊(Buddhacarita) 解脫道論(Vimuttimagga) 四大(caturmahabhuta) 五種姓(panca-gotrani) alcohol prohibition anabhirati san~n~a^ analytical doctrine animitta^nupassana^ answering questions appanihita vimokkha attha patisambhida^ counteractive karma death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS FOUR UNLIMITED MIND fruits of monk life gradual instruction inferiority conceit intelligent natured lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka majjhima^ patipada^ one group existence RIGHT CONCENTRATION RIGHT UNDERSTANDING samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ TEN GREAT KING VOWS upatthambhaka kamma yamaka pa^tiha^riya 阿底峽(Atisa 982~1054) 大乘經(Mahayana sutra) 寂天(Santideva 約7世紀) 六足論(Satpada sastra) 說一切有部(Sarvastivada) a^kin~can~n~a^yatana access concentration adaptation knowledge akuppa^ ceto vimutti cemetery meditations cinta^ maya pan~n~a^ derived corporeality dhamma patisambhida^ dhamma tthiti n~a^na ditthi nissita si^la five group existence four group existence MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA manovinn~a^na dha^tu NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE niyata miccha^ditthi pa^rami^ pa^ramita^ paccha^ja^ta paccaya parami^ = pa^ramita^ pubbeniva^sa^nussati regenerating process samvejani^ya ttha^na SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ tanha^ nissita si^la TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA THREE ENLIGHTENMENTS ti hetu patisandhika UNCONDITIONED DHARMA VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 大乘論(Mahayana sastra) 小乘論(Hinayana sastra) 中道(madhyamapratipad) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana animitta ceto vimutti antara^ parinibba^yi^ bhojane mattan~n~uta^ corporeality and mind death proximate karma dependent origination DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi germinating once more mind and corporeality ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na produced corporeality pun~n~a kiriya vatthu questions and answers sota^pannassa anga^ni TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS THREE CLASSIFICATIONS THREE PERIODS OF TIME transference of merit ubhato bha^ga vimutta vi^thi = citta vi^thi vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana 梵網經(Brahmajala-sutra) 中論(Madhyamika-sastra) appama^na ceto vimutti bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa doctrine of the Buddha FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA ji^vita navaka kala^pa kamma samuttha^na rúpa resistance perceptions sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS yatha^kammúpaga n~a^na 長阿含經(Dirghagama-sutra) 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) 緣起(pratitya-samutpada) bhayatupattha^na n~a^na catu dha^tu vavattha^na dasa (tatha^gata ) bala determining the reality FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge sabbúpadhi patinissagga SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 八正道(aryastangika-marga) 成實論(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 法稱(Dharmakirti 約6~7世紀) 佛性(buddhata, buddhatva) 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 毗尼多流支(Vinitaruci ?~594) 四分律(Dharmagupta-vinaya) 月稱(Candrakirti 約7世紀中葉) ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI attainment concentration clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ego idea, ego perception multiformity perceptions pa^na^tipa^ta^ veramani^ paccaya sannissita si^la patibha^na patisambhida^ reflecting contemplation verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra) 寂護(Santiraksita 705~762) 戒日王(Siladitya 約590~647) 十誦律(Sarvastivada-vinaya) 無量壽經(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 雜阿含經(Samyuktagama-sutra) hate rooted consciousness independently enlightened indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi pa^timokkha samvara si^la registering consciousness SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA spontaneously born beings support decisive support TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文學(Buddhist literature) 摩诃菩提會(Maha Bodhi Society) 增一阿含經(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含經(Madh yamagama-sutra) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ a^kin~can~n~a ceto vimutti ability to acquire insight analysis of the 4 elements dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element paranimmita vasavatti deva parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION THREEFOLD BODY OF A BUDDHA uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 發智論(Jnanaprasthana-sastra) 俱舍論(Abhidharmakosa-sastra) 越南佛教(Vietnamese Buddhism) balance of mental faculties karma produced corporeality neighbourhood concentration origination of corporeality PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS thought thought conception yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana 佛教建築(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost SIX PERIODS OF DAY AND NIGHT 常樂我淨(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃經(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 觀無量壽經(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞嚴經(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 菩薩戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) 乞[口*栗]雙提贊Khri-Sron-Lde-bTsan 瑜伽師地論(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) dittha dhamma vedani^ya kamma EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 中國佛教美術(Buddhist art in China) ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 維摩經(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties lahuta^ muduta^, kamman~n~ata^ pariyatti patipatti, pativedha SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 大般若經(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 鈴木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法蓮華經(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中國佛教音樂(Buddhist music in China) karmically acquired corporeality patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 大智度論(Mahaprajna-paramita-sastra) 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) anan~n~a^tan~ n~assa^mi^t’indriya citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa ▲ 收起
南傳佛教英文辭典 【919】kankha^ vitarana visuddhi

”purification  by  overcoming  doubt”,  is  the  4th  of  the  7  stages  of  purification  (visuddhi,  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【920】pa^timokkha samvara si^la

”morality  consisting  in  restraint  with  regard  to  the  Disciplinary  Code”  (Pa^timokkha,  s.  prec.).  For  details,  s.  si^la.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【921】registering consciousness

  tada^rammana-citta  (s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca).

英漢對照詞典 【922】SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA

Samantabhadra  Bodhisattva  ==  普賢菩薩

Also  called  Visvabhadra  Bodhisattva,  Universally  Worthy  Bodhisattva.  Being  one  of  the  Four  Great  Bodhisattvas,  he  is  the  Bodhisattva  of  Great  Conduct,  representing  the  Law.  He  has  Ten  Great  King  Vows,  which  are  the  guidelines  in  practising  Buddhism,  and  cultivating  the  Buddhist  Way.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【923】spontaneously born beings

  opapa^tika  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【924】support decisive support

  (nissaya,  upanissaya)  are  two  of  the  24  conditions  (s.  paccaya).

英漢對照詞典 【925】TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA

Ten  Stages  of  Bodhisattva  ==  十地菩薩

These  are  the  ten  stages  of  development  of  Bodhisattva  depending  on  their  merits  and  virtues:  
1.Pramudita  (joy)  -  job  at  having  overcome  the  difficulties  and  sufferings,  now  entering  on  the  path  to  Buddhahood  
2.Vimala  (purity)  -  freedom  from  all  possible  defilement  
3.Prabhakari  (enlightenment)  -  stage  of  further  enlightenment  
4.Arcismati  (widsom)  -  stage  of  glowing  wisdom  
5.Sudurjaya  (no  difficulty)  -  stage  of  mastering  the  utmost  difficulties  
6.Abhimukhi  (open  way)  -  the  open  way  of  wisdom  above  definitions  of  impurity  and  purity  
7.Duramgama  (proceeding  afar)  -  getting  above  ideas  of  self  in  order  to  save  others  
8.Acala  (unperturbed)  -  attainment  of  being  unperturbed  
9.Sadhumati  (discriminatory  wisdom)  -  the  finest  discriminatory  wisdom,  knowing  where  and  how  to  save,  and  possessing  the  Ten  Powers  
10.Dharma  megha  (law  cloud)  -  attainment  of  the  fertilizing  powers  of  law  cloud

英漢對照詞典 【926】VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA

Vimalakirti-Nivdesa  Sutra  ==  維摩诘經

Vimalakirti,  a  Sanskrit  word,  means  undefiled  and  pure  reputation.  Vimalakirti  was  said  to  be  a  native  of  Vaisali,  and  an  upasaka  (not  a  monk)  to  assist  Shakyamuni  to  preach  and  cross  over  the  human  beings.  The  Sutra  is  the  record  of  interesting  conversation  between  Vimalakirti  and  Manjusri  Bodhisattva  regarding  the  understanding  of  One  Buddha  Vehicle.

中國百科全書 【927】佛教文學(Buddhist literature)

  Fojiao  wenxue

  文學  數千卷印度佛典,如《維摩經》、《妙法蓮華經》、《楞嚴經》等,本身就是瑰麗的文學作品,向爲文人所喜愛。《百喻經》已被譯爲多種文字,其中的譬喻故事被認爲是世界文學中的珍品。敘述佛陀前生的《本生經》(《本生譚》)是著名的傳記文學。馬鳴的《佛所行贊》是印度著名的長篇敘事詩之一。其他如佛教典籍中的偈頌、贊、散文、故事、俗講、變文、語錄、傳記、遊記、文集等,均爲優美的佛教文學作品。中國、日本、斯裏蘭卡的很多著名的文學作品,都是在佛教的影響下,汲取本國傳統文學的藝術形式,逐漸形成的一種獨具風格的文學作品。它帶來了新的意境、新的文體和新的命意遣詞方法。《維摩經》、《百喻經》等,鼓舞了中國晉、唐小說的創作;俗講、變文對後來的平話、小說、戲曲等中國通俗文學的形成,有一定的淵源關系;禅宗語錄不僅爲宋明理學家所仿效,也影響到後來的民間文學作品。

中國百科全書 【928】摩诃菩提會(Maha Bodhi Society)

  佛教國際性組織。原名佛陀伽耶摩诃菩提會。摩诃菩提是“廣覺悟”的意思,1891年5月創立于錫蘭(今斯裏蘭卡)首都科倫坡,創始人是達摩波羅,其目的是要收複、維護印度菩提伽耶等佛教聖地及在世界各地複興佛教。1891年6月派遣第一個傳教團去菩提伽耶,10月在該地首次召開了國際佛教會議,有錫蘭、中國、日本、緬甸和印度等國佛教代表出度。1892年,該會總部由科倫坡遷到印度加爾各答,同時,出版《摩诃菩提與統一佛教世界》雜志。1915年,在加爾各答建造總部法王舍利寺。

  摩诃菩提會的主要工作雖在印度,但其影響及于世界很多地區,除印度的馬德拉斯、拘屍那揭羅、孟買、新德裏、伽耶以及錫蘭的阿努拉德·普勒和東南亞外,還在日本、英國、德國、美國、澳大利亞和非洲成立了分會或傳教中心;在鹿野苑、孟買等地興建寺廟、圖書館、施診所等。1933年創辦摩诃菩提教育學院。1936年成立了摩诃菩提會青年聯盟。此外,出版了不少不同語種的叁藏經典和書刊;編輯、發行了《摩诃菩提》雜志;經常派人到世界各地弘傳佛教。目前總部仍在印度,並主辦達摩波羅文化研究所、摩诃菩提學院等。(葉均)

中國百科全書 【929】增一阿含經(Ekottaragama-sutra)

  Zengyi”ahanjing

  原始佛教基本經典。北傳四部阿含之一。東晉僧伽提婆譯。51卷(一作50卷)。因經文按法數順序相次編纂,故名。相傳原由前秦昙摩難提誦出梵本,竺佛念傳譯,昙嵩筆受,後經道安、法和考正,僧契、僧茂助校漏失,盡錄偈頌。但譯文未能盡善,故由僧伽提婆加以修訂。據《精刻大藏經目錄》(支那內學院編)記載,別譯零本現存30種。《增一阿含經》與南傳《增支部經典》大體相應,後者收經比前者爲多。此經原爲四分八誦,但現行本除“牧(放)羊品”下標有“第四分別誦”外,蓁各分均不標誦。全經共有52品,472部經。其中《序品》一經,以頌文概敘本經意旨,以及囑付流布等事。蓁各品次第系一未能至十一法。

  此經記述佛陀和其弟子們的事迹;闡述出家僧尼的戒律和對俗人修行的規定;論述小乘佛教的主要教義等。因經中有“六度”、“叁乘”等詞句,承認菩薩大乘,近乎大衆部的主張,故一般認爲是大衆部的傳本。此經的重點在說施戒涅槃等事及各種因緣故事,故又爲勸化者所專習。本書同其他叁部阿含一樣,系記載原始佛教教義的重要典籍,在印度佛教史上占有重要地位,爲研究佛教産生以及當時北印度政治、宗教、哲學等提供了資料。(任傑)

中國百科全書 【930】中阿含經(Madh yamagama-sutra)

  Zhong  a  hanjing

  原始佛教基本經典。北傳佛教四部阿含之一。因所集各經篇幅適中,故名。東晉僧伽提婆與僧伽羅叉譯。60卷。據傳昙摩難提于前秦建元二十年(384)曾譯出59卷,早佚。此經爲說一切有部所傳,原本已不存,近代中國新疆地區曾發現零星梵文殘片。曆代單經零本翻譯頗多,據《精刻大藏經目錄》(支那內學院編)記載,現存73種。漢譯《中阿含經》與南傳“中部經典”大體相應,前者收經較多。一般認爲,在《中阿含經》和“中部經典”編集之前,已有許多經文單獨流行。兩傳文本所集經文都沒有按其形成的次序排列。

  《中阿含經》收經222部,分爲五誦十八品。經文分品,並無統一劃分標准,大致有如下幾種形式:①根據經文所述的主要教義分品。如《業相應品》有10部經,主要闡述業報輪回等教義,兼駁耆那教苦行滅業和其他宗教派別的業報學說;《未曾有法品》有10部經,主要記述佛陀的往生事迹和阿難等佛弟子的持戒修行。此外,《根本分別品》等把論述相同教義的若幹部經集成一品;②根據經文中出現的主要人物列成專品。如《舍利子相應品》有11部經,敘事都與舍利子有關;③依據說法的形式分品。如《七法品》有10部經,各經都列舉7種比喻闡發教理;④取所集經中一部經名作爲品名。如《長壽王品》、《脯利多品》等。些外還有一品,名爲《雙品》,但品名與所集經文完全無關。因《雙品》前五部經放在第四誦,後五部經放在第五誦,故以此爲名。

  全經包括叁個主要內容:①詳述各種修行規定之間的相互關系以及它們在達到涅槃解脫過程中的作用,這是此經的重點.如對叁學(戒、定、慧)之間的關系以及它們與涅槃的關系,論述較多。此外,還就如何斷滅“無明”,修行取得功果等,以闡明達到涅槃的修道層次;②聯系當時社會現實闡述善惡因果報應,鼓勵在家信徒和俗人止惡行善③論述四谛、八正道、緣起、十二因緣、四禅、六界、六處、十八意行等小乘佛教教義,闡發了無常、無我和一切皆苦的思想。大多數品論述的問題比較集中,多用日常生活事例和寓言故事闡發教理。以著重講述各種學說之間的關系爲特點。後出的許多經、律多引述其內容。(任傑  魏道儒)

南傳佛教英文辭典 【931】a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^

”reflection  on  the  loathsomeness  of  food”,  fully  described  in  Vis.M.  XI,  l.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【932】a^kin~can~n~a ceto vimutti

  s.  ceto-vimutti.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【933】ability to acquire insight

  cf.  ugghatitan~n~ú,  vipacitan~n~ú  neyya.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【934】analysis of the 4 elements

  dha^tu-vavattha^na  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【935】dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu

  s.  pun~n~a-kiriya-vatthu.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【936】functions of consciousness

  vin~n~a^na-kicca  (q.v.).

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