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utu catu hetu lust RUPA unit ASURA asura cause doubt kuppa rules STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA " beauty BHIKSU BUDDHA Buddha cakkhu course dha^tu dukkha favour groups grudge KARUNA kusala MUDITA purity RAHULA refuge sexual suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU truths tusita upa^di upadhi usages vatthu virtue woeful a^ruppa AKUSALA akusala anusaya bhikkhu counter duggati HSU YUN HUA TOU karuna^ KUSHALA lahuta^ matured mudita^ muduta^ mundane neutral puggala pun~n~a rapture sammuti skilful sublime sun~n~a thought turning upacaya UPEKKHA vimutti acquired AKUSHALA anussati BHIKSUNI delusion dhutanga fruition HUI NENG impurity influxes kukkucca postures scruples sensuous sucarita suchness uddhacca ujukata^ upa^saka upaca^ra upekkha^ uposatha upstream visuddhi 空(sunya) beautiful behaviour boundless dhuta^nga duccarita dukkhata^ ENDURANCE faculties impulsion indulging lokuttara NAGARJUNA nutriment PURE LAND SARIPUTRA SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS suffering treasures upa^da^na upa^sika^ contiguity continuity cuti citta enthusiasm equanimity foundation FOUR PHALA FOUR SEALS functional impurities individual inducement ka^ma guna mutability obduracies productive punabbhava puthujjana repugnance sensuality SHAKYAMUNI successive SUDDHODANA unprepared unshakable upakkilesa upavica^ra yuganaddha a^po dha^tu anupassana^ corruptions cutúpapa^ta destruction dissolution foundations human world infatuation karma round kusala múla LOTUS SUTRA mano dha^tu mindfulness pure abodes samuttha^na supernormal tejo dha^tu temperature unthinkable unwholesome uprightness accumulation bahula kamma ceto vimutti covetousness dibba cakkhu FOUR VIRTUES garuka kamma hate natured karma result purification purisindriya RENUNCIATION santutthita^ subconscious suddha^va^sa supermundane tranquillity upa^da^ rúpa va^yo dha^tu vatthu ka^ma viveka sukha 佛教(Buddhism) 藍毗尼(lumbini) 叁界(tridhatu) ahetuka citta akuppa dhamma anuloma citta ariya puggala BHAISAJYAGURU cakkhu dha^tu consciousness dhamma dha^tu FIVE BHIKSHUS FOUR FRUITION hadaya vatthu ka^mupa^da^na ka^ya lahuta^ pa^gun~n~ata^ RIGHT THOUGHT sammuti sacca silent buddha subha nimitta susa^nik’anga THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES unconditioned understanding upekkhindriya vipacitan~n~u 因明(Hetuvidya) a^ka^sa dha^tu ahetuka ditthi altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA anuloma n~a^na auditory organ Buddha sa^sana buddha^nussati citta visuddhi devata^nussati dhamma^nussati frivolous talk greedy natured habitual karma kusala vipa^ka marana^nussati niyata puggala pacceka buddha relative truth saddha^nusa^ri sahetuka citta samudaya sacca samvara suddhi samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured uccheda ditthi uggaha nimitta ugghatitan~n~u upapatti bhava upekkha^ sukha 佛身(buddhakaya) akusala vitakka appama^na subha deluded natured dhamma^nusa^ri^ ditth’upa^da^na ditthi visuddhi FOUR GREAT VOWS gustatory organ mental function mental obduracy no upa^da^ rúpa pamsukúlik’anga pathavi^ dha^tu PRATYEKA-BUDDHA sceptical doubt SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma THREE DELUSIONS tranquilisation upasama^nussati vaya^nupassana^ 法界(dharmadhatu) 法印(dharmamudra) 極樂世界(sukhavati) 婆羅浮屠(Borobudur) anupubba nirodha anupubba viha^ra AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta^nupassana^ dukkha patipada^ EIGHT SUFFERINGS equality conceit faithful natured FOUR HOLY REALMS ka^ya^nupassana^ khaya^nupassana^ life infatuation monks’ community natural morality pan~n~a^ vimutti pun~n~a^ dha^ra^ round of rebirth sensuous craving sukkha vipassaka supportive karma THREE SUFFERINGS upapi^laka kamma upekkha^ vedana^ upekkhopavica^ra vikubbana^ iddhi 經量部(Sautrantike) 律經(Vinaya-sutra) 菩提伽耶(Buddhagaya) 釋迦牟尼 (Sakyamuni) 四谛(catur-satyas) a^nupubbi^ katha^ anatta^nupassana^ anicca^nupassana^ cakkhu vin~n~a^na destructive karma dhamma^nupassana^ dukkha^nupassana^ eye consciousness FOUR FEARLESSNESS FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS FOURFOLD ASSEMBLY kusala kammapatha pa^risuddhi si^la pakati upanissaya paticcasamuppa^da pureja^ta paccaya rukkha mulik’anga sensuous clinging SINGALOVADA SUTRA SIX CONSCIOUSNESS sudassa sudassi^ suppressive karma upaca^ra sama^dhi upacchedaka kamma upagha^taka kamma vedana^nupassana^ youth infatuation 迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu) 空海(Kukai 774~835) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika atta va^dupa^da^na catu voka^ra bhava corporeality group dha^tu vavattha^na domanassupavica^ra full comprehension hasituppa^da citta health infatuation karma accumulation maturity knowledge meritorious action nirodha^nupassana^ ONE BUDDHA VEHICLE ruminating natured sampayutta paccaya samuccheda paha^na SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA unconscious beings upa^da^na kkhandha upanissaya paccaya vippayutta paccaya vira^ga^nupassana^ WORLD HONOURED ONE 佛所行贊(Buddhacarita) 解脫道論(Vimuttimagga) 四大(caturmahabhuta) animitta^nupassana^ answering questions ANUPADISESA-NIBBANA BURNING LAMP BUDDHA counteractive karma death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS FOUR UNLIMITED MIND fruits of monk life gradual instruction intelligent natured lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka one group existence RIGHT UNDERSTANDING sattakkhattu parama spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ upatthambhaka kamma 大乘經(Mahayana sutra) 清淨道論(Visuddhimagga) akuppa^ ceto vimutti anurakkhana padha^na five group existence four group existence greedy consciousness ka^mesu miccha^ca^ra MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA manovinn~a^na dha^tu NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE paccavekkhana suddhi pubbeniva^sa^nussati pun~n~a^bhisankha^ra SA-UPADISESA-NIBBANA SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA ti hetu patisandhika UNCONDITIONED DHARMA VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ 龍樹(Nagarjuna 約2/3世紀) 源空(Genku 1133~1212) animitta ceto vimutti anupa^disesa nibba^na apun~n~a^bhisankha^ra bhojane mattan~n~uta^ deluded consciousness DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi nirutti patisambhida^ produced corporeality pun~n~a kiriya vatthu questions and answers sacca^nulomika n~a^na TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS ubhato bha^ga vimutta upekkha^ sambojjhanga 朝鮮佛教(Korean Buddhism) 梵網經(Brahmajala-sutra) 覺音(Buddhaghosa 5世紀中葉) 世親(Vasubandhu 約4或5世紀) 印度佛教(Indian Buddhism) appama^na ceto vimutti catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa doctrine of the Buddha FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA kamma samuttha^na rúpa n~a^nadassana visuddhi prescribed moral rules sa upa^disesa nibba^na substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS unshakable deliverance upahacca parinibba^yi^ viparina^ma^nupassana^ 長阿含經(Dirghagama-sutra) 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) 緣起(pratitya-samutpada) 中國佛教(Chinese Buddhism) bhayatupattha^na n~a^na catu dha^tu vavattha^na FOUR IMMEASURABLE MINDS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness sankha^rupekkha^ n~a^na 佛性(buddhata, buddhatva) 毗尼多流支(Vinitaruci ?~594) 菩提流支(Bodhiruci 約5~6世紀間) 日本佛教(Japanese Buddhism) 四分律(Dharmagupta-vinaya) ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI bhanga^nupassana^ n~a^na clarity of consciousness ka^ma sukh’allika^nuyoga multiformity perceptions REALM OF SENSUOUS DESIRE uddhambha^giya samyojana upapajja vedani^ya kamma verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra) 尼泊爾佛教(Nepalese Buddhism) 無量壽經(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 雜阿含經(Samyuktagama-sutra) a^ji^va pa^risuddhi si^la adukkha m asukha^ vedana^ hate rooted consciousness indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi nibbida^nupassana^ n~a^na pa^risuddhi padha^niyanga registering consciousness spontaneously born beings support decisive support VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文學(Buddhist literature) 求那跋陀羅(Gunabhadra 394~468) 增一阿含經(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含經(Madh yamagama-sutra) a^kin~can~n~a ceto vimutti ability to acquire insight dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu functions of consciousness happy courses of existence khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element THREEFOLD BODY OF A BUDDHA uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 越南佛教(Vietnamese Buddhism) a^di^nava^nupassana^ n~a^na balance of mental faculties karma produced corporeality neighbourhood concentration PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS thought thought conception 佛教建築(Buddhist architecture) 字井伯壽(Ui Hakuju 1882~1963) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost udayabbaya^nupassana^ n~a^na 常樂我淨(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃經(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 佛陀跋陀羅(buddhabhadra 359~429) 觀無量壽經(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞嚴經(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 南條文雄(Nanjo Bunyu 1849~1927) 瑜伽師地論(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 斯裏蘭卡佛教(Buddhism in Sri Lanka) 中國佛教美術(Buddhist art in China) ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 維摩經(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties lahuta^ muduta^, kamman~n~ata^ subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 村上專精(Murakami Senjo 1851~1928) 大般若經(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 鈴木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法蓮華經(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中國佛教音樂(Buddhist music in China) karmically acquired corporeality patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa FOUR ASPECTS (OF BUDDHIST DHARMA) 勝鬘經(Srimala-devi simhanada-sutra) 望月信亨(Mochizuki Shinko 1869~1948) 仰光大金塔(Mahamuni Pagoda of Rangoon) a^ha^ra ja (or-samuttha^na) - rúpa magga^magga n~a^nadassana visuddhi NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 東南亞佛教(Buddhism in South East Asia) 鸠摩羅什(Kumarajiva 344~413,一說350~409) 高楠順次郎(Takakusu Junjiro 1866~1945) 解深密經(Sandhinir-mokcana-vyuha-sutra) 攝大乘論(Mahayana-samuparigraha-sastra) 中國佛學院(The Chinese Buddhist Academy) 歐美佛教(Buddhism in America and Europe) a^rammana^dhipati a^rammanupanissaya FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS 般若波羅蜜多心經(Prajna-paramita-hrdaya-sutra) FOUR WAYS (OF LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 雜阿毗昙心論(Samyuktabhidharma-hrdaya-sastra) TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 金剛經(Vajracchedika-prajna-paramita-sutra) 華嚴經(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 馬克斯·缪勒,F·(Friedrich Max Muller 1823~1900) 中國佛教協會(The Buddhist Association of China) karmically wholesome, unwholesome, neutral FOUR RELIANCE (TO LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 大方等大集經(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) 阿彌陀經(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 馬拉拉塞克拉,G·P·(Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera 1899~1973) 國際佛教研究協會(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) sura^meraya majja ppama^dattha^na^ veramani^ sikkha^padam sama^diya^mi ▲ 收起
南傳佛教英文辭典 【91】influxes

  (cankers),  the  4:  a^sava  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【92】kukkucca

  lit.”wrongly-performed-ness”  (ku+krta+ya),  i.e.  scruples,  remorse,  uneasiness  of  conscience,  worry,  is  one  of  the  karmically  unwholesome  (akusala)  mental  faculties  (Tab.  II)  which,  whenever  it  arises,  is  associated  with  hateful  (discontented)  consciousness  (Tab.  I  and  III,  30,  31).  It  is  the  ”repentance  over  wrong  things  done,  and  right  things  neglected”  (Com.  to  A.  I).  Restlessness  and  scruples  (uddhacca-kukkucca),  combined,  are  counted  as  one  of  the  5  mental  hindrances  (ni^varana,  q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【93】postures

  the  4  bodily:  iriya^patha  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【94】scruples

  kukkucca  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【95】sensuous

  sphere  (-world):  s.  avacara,  loka.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【96】sucarita

  ”good  conduct”,  is  3-fold,  in  body,  speech  and  mind,  and  comprises  the  10  wholesome  courses  of  action  (s.  kammapatha).  According  to  A.  X,  61,  it  has  sense-control  as  its  condition.  See  D.  33,  A.  II,  17;  III,  2.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【97】suchness

  tathata^  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【98】uddhacca

  ”restlessness”,  belongs  to  the  10  fetters  (samyojana,  q.v.),  and  to  the  5  hindrances  (ni^varana,  q.v.).  It  is  one  of  those  4  mental  factors  inseparably  associated  with  all  unwholesome  consciousness  (akusala-sa^dha^rana,  q.v.).  Cf.  Tab.  II.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【99】ujukata^

  (ka^ya-,  citta-  ):  ”uprightness”  (of  mental  factors  and  of  consciousness),  is  associated  with  all  pure  consciousness.  Cf.  Tab.  II.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【100】ujukata^

  s.  lahuta^.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【101】upa^saka

  lit.”sitting  close  by”,  i.e.  a  ”lay  adherent”,  is  any  lay  follower  who  is  filled  with  faith  and  has  taken  refuge  in  the  Buddha,  his  doctrine  and  his  community  of  noble  disciples  (A.  VIII,  25).  His  virtue  is  regarded  as  pure  if  he  observes  the  5  Precepts  (pan~ca-si^la;  s.  sikkha^pada).  He  should  avoid  the  following  wrong  ways  of  livelihood:  trading  in  arms,  in  living  beings,  meat,  alcohol  and  poison  (A.  V,  177).  See  also  A.  VIII,  75.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【102】upaca^ra

  ”moment  of  access”;  s.  javana.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【103】upekkha^

  n~a^na  =  sankha^rupekkha^-n~a^na  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【104】upekkha^

  ”equanimity”,  also  called  tatra-majjhattata^  (q.v.),  is  an  ethical  quality  belonging  to  the  sankha^ra-group  (s.  khandha)  and  should  therefore  not  be  confounded  with  indifferent  feeling  (adukkha-m-asukha^  vedana^)  which  sometimes  also  is  called  upekkha^  (s.  vedana^).
upekkha^  is  one  of  the  4  sublime  abodes  (brahma-viha^ra,  q.v.),  and  of  the  factors  of  enlightenment  (bojjhanga,  q.v.).  See  Vis.M.  IV,  156ff.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【105】uposatha

  lit.”fasting”,  i.e.”fasting  day”,  is  the  full-moon  day,  the  new-moon  day,  and  the  two  days  of  the  first  and  last  moonquarters.  On  full-moon  and  new-moon  days,  the  Disciplinary  Code,  the  Pa^timokkha,  is  read  before  the  assembled  community  of  monks  (bhikkhu),  while  on  the  mentioned  4  moon-days  many  of  the  faithful  lay  devotees  go  to  visit  the  monasteries,  and  there  take  upon  themselves  the  observance  of  the  8  rules  (attha-si^la;  sikkha^pada).  See  A.  VIII,  41ff.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【106】upstream

  to  the  highest  gods,  passing:  s.  ana^ga^mi^.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【107】visuddhi

  ”purification”,  purity.  The  ”7  stages  of  purification”  (satta-visuddhi)  form  the  substructure  of  Upatissa”s  Vimutti-Magga  (The  Path  To  Freedom),  preserved  only  in  Chinese,  as  well  as  of  Buddhaghosa”s  monumental  work,  Visuddhi-Magga  (The  Path  of  Purification),  based  on  the  former  work.
The  only  place  in  the  Canon  where  these  7  kinds  of  purification  are  mentioned  is  M.  24,  "The  Simile  of  the  Stage-coach"  (s.”Path”,  §64),  wherein  their  purpose  and  goal  are  illustrated.  There  it  is  said  that  the  real  and  ultimate  goal  does  not  consist  in  purification  of  morality,  or  of  mind,  or  of  view,  etc.,  but  in  total  deliverance  and  extinction.  Now,  just  as  one  mounts  the  first  coach  and  travels  to  the  second  coach,  then  mounts  the  second  coach  and  travels  with  it  to  the  third  coach,  etc.,  in  exactly  the  same  way  the  goal  of  (I)  the  purification  of  morality  (sila-visuddhi)  is  (II)  the  purification  of  mind  (citta-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (III)  the  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (IV)  the  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^vitarana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (V)  the  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (VI)  the  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  the  path-progress  (patipada^-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (VII)  the  purification  of  knowledge  and  vision  (n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  but  the  goal  of  this  purification  is  deliverance  freed  from  all  clinging.
(I)  "Purification  of  morality  (si^la-visuddhi)  consists  of  the  4-fold  purity  of  morality  (catu-pa^risuddhi-si^la),  namely:  restraint  with  regard  to  the  Disciplinary  Code  (pa^timokkhasamvara-si^la),  sense-restraint  (indriysamvara-si^la),  purity  of  livelihood  (a^ji^vapa^risuddhi-si^la),  morality  with  regard  to  the  4  requisites  (paccaya-sannissita-si^la)"  (Vis.M.  XVIII).  On  these  4  terms,  s.  si^la.  -  In  the  case  of  a  layman,  it  entails  the  observance  of  whatever  moral  rules  (5  or  more)  he  has  taken  upon  himself.
(II)  "Purification  of  mind  (citta-visuddhi)  is  a  name  for  the  8  attainments  (=  absorptions:  jha^na,  q.v.),  as  well  as  for  neighbourhood-concentration  (upaca^ra-sama^dhi;  s.  sama^dhi)."  (ib.).
(III)  "By  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi)  is  meant  the  understanding,  according  to  reality,  of  mind  and  corporeality  (na^marúpa,  q.v.)...  which  is  founded  on  undeludedness  (wisdom)  as  base,  and  which  in  manifold  ways  determines  mind  and  corporeality  after  overcoming  all  belief  in  a  persollality  (atta^:  self,  ego.)."  (ib.).
(IV)  "By  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^-vitarana-visuddhi)  is  meant  the  understanding  which,  by  grasping  the  conditions  of  this  mind  and  corporeality,  has  escaped  from  all  doubt  with  regard  to  the  3  times  (past,  present,  future)."  (ib.  XIX)
(V)  "By  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  meant  that  understanding  which  knows  the  right  path  from  the  wrong  path:  ”This  is  the  right  path,  that  the  wrong  path.”"  (ib.  XX)
In  order  to  attain  this  5th  stage  of  purification,  one  at  first  should  develop  methodical  insight  (naya-vipassana^),  i.e.  through  contemplation  of  the  5  groups  of  existence  (khandha,  q.v.).  For  whosoever  does  not  yet  possess  a  perfectly  developed  insight,  to  him  such  phenomena  as  effulgence  of  light,  etc.  (see  below),  arising  during  insight,  may  become  impediments  in  the  3  kinds  of  full  understanding  here  considered  (s.  parin~n~a^).
”As  soon  as  the  manifold  ways  and  characteristics  of  the  4  Truths  (sacca)  and  the  dependent  origination  (paticcasamuppa^da)  have  become  clear  to  the  meditating  disciple,  he  says  to  himself:  Thus  do  these  things  never  before  arisen  arise,  and  having  arisen  they  disappear  again.  Thus  do  the  formations  of  existence  ever  and  again  arise  as  something  quite  new.  But  not  only  are  they  something  new,  they  are  moreover  also  of  limited  duration,  like  a  dew-drop  at  sunrise,  like  a  bubble,  like  a  line  drawn  with  a  stick  in  the  water,  like  a  mustard  seed  placed  on  the  point  of  an  arrow,  or  like  a  flash  of  lightning.  Also  as  something  unsubstantial  and  empty  do  they  appear,  as  jugglery,  as  a  mirage  ....  Merely  something  subject  to  vanishing  arises,  and  having  arisen  disappears  again.”"
During  such  insight  practice,  however,  may  arise  the  10  imperfections  (or  defilements)  of  insight  (vipassanúpakkilesa):  effulgence  of  light  (obha^sa),  knowledge  (n~a^na),  rapture  (pi^ti),  tranquillity  (passaddhi),  happiness  (sukha),  determination  (adhimokkha),  energy  (paggaha),  awareness  (upattha^na),  delight  (nikanti).  -  See  Vis.M.  XX,  105f.  (App.).
Excepting  the  last  one,  ”delight”,  they  are  not  imperfections  or  defilements  in  themselves,  but  may  become  a  basis  for  them  through  the  arising  of  pride  or  delight  or  by  a  wrong  conclusion  that  one  of  the  holy  paths  has  been  attained.  He,  however,  who  is  watchful  and  experienced  in  insight  practice,  will  know  that  these  states  of  mind  do  not  indicate  attainment  of  the  true  path,  but  are  only  symptoms  or  concomitants  of  insight  meditation.
"Thus  far  the  meditating  disciple  has  determined  3  of  the  truths,  namely  while  determining  the  corporeal  and  mental  phenomena  he  has,  through  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  suffering”.  While  grasping  the  conditions  he  has,  through  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^-vitarana-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  the  origin  of  suffering”.  While  determining  the  right  path,  he  has,  through  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  the  path”  (leading  to  the  extinction  of  suffering)."
(VI)  Purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  the  path-progress  (patipada^-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  the  insight  perfected  in  8  kinds  of  knowledge,  together  with  the  9th  knowledge,  the  ”knowledge  adapting  itself  to  truth”.
By  the  8  kinds  of  knowledge  are  here  meant  the  following,  which  are  freed  from  defilements,  follow  the  right  process,  and  are  considered  as  insight,  namely:

1.  knowledge  consisting  in  contemplation  of  rise  and  fall  (udayabbaya^nupassana^-n~a^na),
2.  in  contemplation  of  dissolution  (bhanga^nupassana^-n~a^na),
3.  in  awareness  of  terror  (or  the  fearful)  (bhayatúpattha^na^-n~a^na),
4.  in  contemplation  of  misery  (a^di^nava^nupassana^-n~a^na),
5.  in  contemplation  of  aversion  (nibbida^nupassana^-n~a^na),
6.  in  the  desire  for  deliverance  (muccitu-kamyata^-n~a^na),
7.  in  reflecting  contemplation  (patisankha^nupassana^-n~a^na),
8.  in  equanimity  regarding  all  formations  of  existence  (sankha^rupekkha^-n~a^na)  -  which  is  followed  by
9.  in  adaptation  to  truth  (sacca^nulomika-n~a^na).

(1)  consists  in  the  meditative  observation  of  the  3  characteristics  of  existence  (impermanence,  suffering,  no  self)  in  one”s  own  bodily  and  mental  processes.  As  long  as  the  mind  is  still  disturbed  by  the  10  imperfections  (s.  V),  the  3  characteristics  will  not  become  fully  clear  in  their  true  nature.  Only  when  the  mind  is  free  from  these  imperfections  can  the  characteristics  be  observed  clearly.
(2)  When  through  such  repeated  practice,  knowledge  and  mindfulness  have  grown  keen  and  the  bodily  and  mental  formations  become  apparent  quickly,  at  that  stage  the  phase  of  dissolution  of  these  formations  will  become  prominent.
"Consciousness  with  (e.g.)  materiality  as  its  object  arises  and  dissolves.  Having  reflected  on  that  object,  he  contemplates  the  dissolution  of  (reflecting)  consciousness."  (Pts.M.  I,  57,  quoted  in  Vis.M.  XXI,  11).
The  8  blessings  of  this  knowledge  are:  abandoning  the  belief  in  eternal  existence  (bhava-ditthi),  giving  up  attachment  to  life,  constant  right  application  (of  mind  to  meditative  endeavour),  a  purified  livelihood,  overcoming  of  anxiety,  absence  of  fear,  acquisition  of  forbearance  and  gentleness,  conquest  of  discontent  and  sensual  delight  (Vis.M.  XXI,  28).
(3)  Knowledge  consisting  in  awareness  of  terror  (or  fearfulness)  is  the  seeing  of  terror  in  the  conditions  as  well  as  the  continuity  of  existence.  For  whoso  considers  the  formations  as  impermanent,  to  him  the  conditions  of  existence  (i.e.  the  karma-formations  producing  ever  new  existence)  appear  as  terror,  as  driving  towards  death.  Whoso  considers  the  formations  as  misery,  to  him  the  continuity  of  existence  appears  as  terror,  as  something  oppressive.  Whoso  considers  the  formations  as  impersonal,  to  him  the  karmaformations,  as  well  as  the  continuity  of  existence,  appear  as  terror,  as  an  empty  village,  as  a  mirage,  etc.
(4)  Contemplation  of  misery  (or  danger)  is  another  aspect  of  the  awareness  of  terror:  "The  origin  (of  existence)  is  terror  ...  continuance  of  existence  is  terror  ...  arising  is  suffering”,  such  understanding  in  the  awareness  of  terror  is  the  knowledge  of  misery.”Non-arising  is  bliss”,  this  is  knowledge  of  the  peaceful  state  (Pts.M.  I,  59);  that  is,  the  no-more-arising  is  safety,  is  happiness,  is  Nibba^na.
(5)  Contemplation  of  aversion  means:  aversion  for  all  formations  as  terror,  therefore  its  name  ”awareness  of  terror”  has  come  into  use.  Because  it  has  made  known  the  misery  of  all  these  formations,  therefore  it  has  received  the  name  of  ”contemplation  of  misery”  (a^di^nava^nupassana^).  Because  it  has  arisen  through  aversion  for  those  formations,  therefore  it  is  known  as  ”contemplation  of  aversion”  (nibbida^nupassana^).
(6)  Knowledge  consisting  in  the  desire  for  deliverance  means:  the  desire  for  freedom  and  escape  from  all  formations  of  existence..  For  feeling  aversion  for  all  formations,  becoming  weary  of  them,  finding  no  more  delight  in  them,  the  mind  does  not  cling  to  a  single  one  of  all  these  formations.
(7)  Reflecting  contemplation  is  the  repeated  meditative  discernment  of  the  formations  of  existence,  attributing  to  them  the  3  characteristics  of  existence,  with  the  desire  to  find  deliverance  from  all  forms  of  existence.
(8)  Equanimity  regarding  all  formations:  "When  the  meditator  (through  reflecting  contemplation)  has  discerned  the  formations  by  applying  the  3  characteristics  to  them  and  sees  them  as  void,  he  abandons  both  terror  and  delight,  and  becomes  indifferent  and  equanimous  with  regard  to  all  formations;  he  neither  takes  them  as  I  nor  as  ”mine”;  he  is  like  a  man  who  has  divorced  his  wife"  (Vis.M.  XXI,  61).
Now,  while  continuing  to  contemplate  the  3  characteristics  of  existence  and  perceiving  the  tranquil  lot  of  Nibba^na  as  the  peace,  this  equanimity-knowledge  becomes  the  triple  gateway  to  liberation.  As  it  is  said  (Pts.M.  II,  p.  48):
"Three  gateways  to  liberation  (vimokkha-mukha;  s.  vimokkha  I)  lead  to  escape  from  the  world,  namely:  that  the  mind  is  contemplating  all  formations  as  limited,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  conditionless  element  (animitta-dha^tu);  that  the  mind  is  stirred  with  regard  to  all  formations  of  existence,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  desireless  element  (appanihita-dha^tu);  that  the  mind  sees  all  things  as  something  foreign,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  void  element  (sun~n~ata^-dha^tu)."
At  this  stage,  and  through  the  triple  gateway,  the  diversification  of  path  attainment  takes  place,  according  to  the  7  kinds  of  noble  persons  (ariya-puggala,  q.v.);  on  this  see  Vis.M.  XXI,  74ff.
The  6th,  7th  and  8th  knowledges,  according  to  Vis.M.  XXI,  form  really  only  one  single  knowledge  in  its  first,  middle  and  final  stages  of  development.  This  knowledge  is  also  known  as  the  ”insight  leading  to  path  ascent”  (vuttha^na-ga^mini^-vipassana^,  q.v.).
(9)  Adaptation  to  truth  (or  conformity  with  truth)  is  called  that  knowledge  which,  while  contemplating  impermanency,  etc.  adapts  itself  to  the  preceding  8  kinds  of  insight-knowledge,  as  well  as  to  the  immediately  following  supermundane  path  and  to  the  37  elements  pertaining  to  enlightenment  (bodhipakkhiya-dhamma,  q.v.).  It  is  identical  with  adaptation-knowledge  (anuloman~a^na).
"Whosoever  has  cultivated,  developed,  and  frequently  practised  ”equanimity  regarding  all  formations”  in  him  arises  very  strong  faith  known  as  determination  (adhimokkha-saddha^)  and  his  energy  is  better  exerted,  his  mindfulness  better  established,  his  mind  better  concentrated,  and  a  still  stronger  ”equanimity  regarding  the  formations”  arises.”Now  the  path  will  reveal  itself”,  thus  thinking,  the  meditator  contemplates  with  his  equanimity-knowledge  all  formations  as  impermanent,  etc.,  and  thereafter  that  knowledge  sinks  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence  (s.  bhavanga-sota^).  Immediately  afterwards  there  arises  advertence  at  the  mind-door  (s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca).  And  just  like  equanimity-knowledge,  the  adaptation-knowledge,  too,  takes  as  its  object  the  formations,  regarding  them  as  something  impermanent,  miserable  and  impersonal.  Thereupon,  while  continuing  the  uninterrupted  continuity  of  consciousness  (citta-santati),  there  arises  the  1st  impulsive  moment  (javana,  q.v.),  called  ”preparation”  (parikamma),  taking  the  same  formations  as  object.  Immediately  thereafter,  with  the  same  formations  as  object,  there  arises  the  2nd  impulsive  moment,  known  as  ”access”  (upaca^ra).  And  again  immediately  after  that,  there  arises  the  impulsive  moment  called  ”adaptation”  (anuloma)."
(VII)  Purification  of  knowledge  and  vision  (n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  the  knowledge  associated  with  any  of  the  4  kinds  of  supermundane  path-consciousness  (s.  ariyapuggala).
"Immediately  upon  this  adaptation-knowledge  there  arises  the  ”maturity-knowlege”  (gotrabhú-n~a^na;  s.  gotrabhú)  taking  as  object  the  Unconditioned,  the  standstill  of  existence,  the  absence  of  becoming,  cessation,  Nibba^na,  while  at  the  same  time  transcending  the  rank  (gotta  =  gotra:  lineage),  designation  and  plane  of  the  worldling  (puthujjana,  q.v.),  and  entering  the  rank,  designation  and  plane  of  the  Noble  Ones  (ariya),  being  the  first  turning  towards  Nibba^na  as  object,  the  first  thinking  of  it,  the  first  concentration  on  it,  and  the  condition  for  the  path  ...  forming  the  culmination  of  insight,  and  never  as  such  coming  back  again.
””As  the  immediate  continuation  following  upon  that  maturity  knowledge  (gotrabhú-n~a^na),  there  arises  the  first  path-consciousness  (Stream-entrance)  forever  destroying  the  first  3  of  the  10  fetters  of  existence  (samyojana,  q.v.),  and  closing  the  entrance  to  the  lower  worlds.  Immediately  after  this  path-knowledge,  there  arise,  as  its  result,  2  or  3  path-produced  states  of  consciousness,  the  fruitional  consciousness  (phala-citta).  Immediately  after  the  sinking  of  this  consciousness  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence,  the  retrospective  knowledge  (paccavekkhana-n~a^na,  q.v.)  arises,  having  the  path-consciousness  as  its  object"  (Vis.M.  XXI).  For  the  3  higher  paths,  s.  ariya-puggala.
Each  of  the  4  kinds  of  path-consciousness  performs  at  the  one  and  the  same  time  4  functions,  namely:  the  function  of  full  understanding  (parin~n~a^,  q.v.)  of  suffering,  the  function  of  overcoming  (paha^na,  q.v.)  the  origin  of  suffering,  the  function  of  realizing  (sacchikiriya^)  the  extinction  of  suffering,  the  function  of  developing  (bha^vana^,  q.v.)  the  supermundane  Noble  Eightfold  Path  (magga,  q.v.).
See  Path  of  Purification,  by  Buddhaghosa,  tr.  by  n~yanamoli  (BPS);  Path  of  Freedom,  by  Upatissa  (BPS).

中國百科全書 【108】空(sunya)

  Kong

  佛教教義。音譯舜若。佛教用來表述“非有”、“非存在”的一個基本概念。佛教各時期、各派別對空的解釋不一。在原始佛教中,空只是整個佛教理論體系中的一個普通概念。部派佛教時期,這一概念成爲當時爭論的重點之一。大乘佛教時期,尤其是般若經系統的大乘思想則進而以空爲其理論基礎。從所否定的對象來說,空可分“我空”、“法空”兩種。我空,即認爲一切有情都是由各個組成元素聚合而成,不斷流轉生滅,因此不存在常一主宰的主體——我,這是小乘佛教的觀點;法空,則認爲一切事物都依賴于一定的因緣或條件才能存在,本身沒有任何質的規定性,但法空並非虛無,它是一種不可描述的實在,稱爲“妙有”,這主要是大乘中觀派闡明的觀點。從論證的方式來說,空可分“分析空”、“當體空”兩種。分析空即從統一之可分解爲若幹部分或因素上,從事物的生滅變化上,說明事物的不實在和不自在,這主要是小乘所采用的方法;當體空則認爲一切事物無須分解,只要用空的理法去觀察,就可以明白它本身就是空的,這主要是大乘所采用的方法。從是否終極真理來說,大乘又把空分成“但空”、“不但空”兩種。把空當作絕對的虛無,認識不到它實際是有的一種存在形式,即一種妙有,就是但空,也叫“惡趣空”;反之,如能認識到事物不但有空的一面,還有不空的一面,認識到空不遣有,有不離空,空中攝有,有內存空,這就是不但空,也叫中道。從上述幾種對空的基本解釋出發,佛教各派還推衍出叁空、四空、六空、七空、十空、十一空、十二空、十四空、十六空、十八空、十九空、二十空等。其中以《大品般若》、《大智度論》所說的十八空影響較大。(方廣錩)

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