(lit.”message”): the Dispensation of the Buddha, the Buddhist religion; teaching, doctrine.
Navanga-Buddha (or satthu)-sa^sana, the ninefold Dispensation of the Buddha (or the Master) consists of suttas (sutta), mixed prose (geyya), exegesis (veyya^karana), verses (ga^tha^), solemn utterances (uda^na), sayings of the Blessed One (itivuttaka), birth stories (ja^taka), extraordinary things (abbhutadhamma), and analysis (vedalla). This classification is often found in the suttas (e.g. M. 22). According to the commentaries, also the Vinaya and the Abhidhamma Pitaka are comprised in that ninefold division (see Atthasa^lini Tr., I, 33). It is a classification according to literary styles, and not according to given texts or books.
”hearer”, i.e.”disciple”, refers, in a restricted sense (then mostly ariya-sa^vaka, ”nohle disciple”), only to the 8 kinds of noble disciples (ariya-puggala, q.v.).
faith, confidence. A Buddhist is said to have faith if "he believes in the Perfect One”s (the Buddha”s) Enlightenment" (M 53; A.V, 2), or in the Three Jewels (s. ti-ratana), by taking his refuge in them (s. ti-sarana). His faith, however, should be "reasoned and rooted in understanding" (a^ka^ravata^ saddha^ dassanamúlika; M. 47), and he is asked to investigate and test the object of his faith (M. 47, 95). A Buddhist”s faith is not in conflict with the spirit of inquiry, and "doubt about dubitable things" (A. II, 65; S. XLII, 13) is admitted and inquiry into them is encouraged. The ”faculty of faith” (saddhindriya) should be balanced with that of wisdom (pan~n~indriya; s. indriya-samatta). It is said: "A monk who has understanding, establishes his faith in accordance with that understanding" (S. XLVIII, 45). Through wisdom and understanding, faith becomes an inner certainty and firm conviction based on one”s own experience.
Faith is called the seed (Sn. v. 77) of all wholesome states because, according to commentarial explanations, it inspires the mind with confidence (okappana, pasa^da) and determination (adhimokkha), for ”launching out” (pakkhandhana; s. M. 122) to cross the flood of samsa^ra.
Unshakable faith is attained on reaching the first stage of holiness, ”stream-entry” (sota^patti, s. ariyapuggala), when the fetter of sceptical doubt (vicikiccha^; s. samyojana) is eliminated. Unshakable confidence (avecca-pasa^da) in the Three Jewels is one of the characteristic qualities of the Stream-winner (sota^pannassa anga^ni, q.v.).
Faith is a mental concomitant, present in all karmically wholesome, and its corresponding neutral, consciousness (s. Tab. II). It is one of the 4 streams of merit (pun~n~adha^ra^, q.v.), one of the 5 spiritual faculties (indriya, q.v.), spiritual powers (bala, q.v.), elements of exertion (padha^niyanga, q.v.) and one of the 7 treasures (dhana, q.v.).
See Faith in the Buddha”s Teaching, by Soma Thera (WHEEL 262)."Does Saddha^ mean Faith?”” by n~a^namoli Thera (in WHEEL 52/53).
Samadhi == 三摩地
Sanskrit word for meditation. See Meditation and Contemplation.
”tranquillity”, serenity, is a synonym of sama^dhi (coneentration), cittekaggata^ (one-pointedness of mind) and avikkhepa (undistractedness). It is one of the mental factors in ”wholesome consciousness. Cf. foll. and bha^vana^.
s. sacca.
Samsara == 轮回转世
Sanskrit word meaning turning of the wheel or revolving. It refers to the transmigration in the Six Directions of Reincarnation.
”companionship”. (1) "Through companionship with bad men (asappurisa-s.) comes listening to bad advice, thereby unwise reflection, thereby inattention and mental confusion, thereby lack of sense-control, thereby 3-fold bad conduct in bodily action, speech and mind, thereby the 5 hindrances (ni^varana, q.v.), thereby craving for existence. (2) Through companionship with good men (sappurisa-s. ) comes listening to good advice, thereby faith, thereby wise reflection, thereby mindfulness and clarity of consciousness, thereby sense-control, thereby 3-fold good conduct, thereby the 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipattha^na, q.v ), thereby the 7 factors of enlightenment (bojjhanga, q.v.), thereby liberation through wisdom (pan~n~a^-vimutti, q.v.)." Cf. A. X 62.
ditthi (-va^da): ”eternity-belief”, is the belief in a soul or personality existing independently of the 5 groups of existence, and continuing after death eternally, as distinguished from the ”annihilation-belief” (uccheda-ditthi), i.e. the belief in a personality falling at death a prey to absolute annihilation. For more details, s. ditthi.
the ”training”, which the Buddha”s disciple has to undergo, is 3-fold: training in higher morality (adhisi^la-sikkha^), in higher mentality (adhicitta-sikkha^), and in higher wisdom (adhipan~n~a^-sikkha^). This 3-fold training refers to the 3-fold division of the the 8-fold Path (magga, q.v.) in morality, concentration and wisdom (si^la, sama^dhi, pan~n~a^). In D. 16 and A.IV,1 it is said:
"It is through not understanding, not penetrating noble morality ... noble concentration ... noble wisdom ... noble deliverance that I, as well as you, have had for such a long time to pass through this round of rebirths.””
"This then is morality, this concentration, this wisdom, this deliverance. Being endowed with morality, concentration brings high fruit and blessing. Being endowed with concentration, wisdom hrings high fruit and blessing. Being endowed with wisdom, the mind becomes freed from all cankers (a^sava q.v.) namely, from the sensuous canker (ka^ma^sava), from the canker of existence (bhavasava) from the canker of opinions (ditthisava) from the canker of ignorance (avijja^sava).
position, sleeping in: s. dhutanga.
kusala (q.v.).
”lofty”, beautiful, pure, are called, in Abh. S., all states of consciousness excepting the unwholesome and those without roots (ahetuka). Sobhana-sa^dha^rana are called the mental factors (cetasika) common to all lofty consciousness; s. Tab. II.
(of existence): avacara (q.v.). - The 4 immaterial spheres (a^yatana): s. jha^na (5-8).
Sravaka == 声闻
the first or initial stage in Hinayana, the second being that of Praetyka-Buddha. Sravaka, a Sanskrit word, means a hearer. It generally relates to Hinayana disciple who understands the Four Noble Truth in entering Nirvana.
abodes (or States): brahma-viha^ra (q.v.).
(adj.), sun~n~ata^ (noun): void (ness), empty (emptiness). As a doctrinal term it refers, in Therava^da, exclusively to the anatta^ doctrine,.i.e. the unsubstantiality of all phenomena: "Void is the world ... because it is void of a self and anything belonging to a self" (sun~n~am attena va^ attaniyena va^; S. XXXV, 85); also stated of the 5 groups of existence (khandha, q.v.) in the same text. See also M. 43, M. 106. - In CNidd. (quoted in Vis.M. XXI, 55), it is said: "Eye ... mind, visual objects ... mind-objects, visual consciousness ... mind-consciousness, corporeality ... consciousness, etc., are void of self and anything belonging to a self; void of permanency and of anything lasting, eternal or immutable.. They are coreless: without a core of permanency, or core of happiness or core of self." - In M. 121, the voiding of the mind of the cankers, in the attainment of Arahatship, is regarded as the "fully purified and incomparably highest (concept of) voidness. - See Sn. v. 1119; M. 121; M. 122 (WHEEL 87); Pts.M. II: Sun~n~a-katha^; Vis.M. XXI, 53ff.
Jie
亦称增上(卓越)戒学,指戒律。即防止行为、语言、思想三方面的过失。由于大小乘的不同,其戒律也有所不同。另外对出家的僧侣和在家的居士也有所区别。例如小乘有五戒、八戒、二百五十戒等;大乘有三聚净戒、十重四十八轻戒等。小乘五戒为:杀生、偷盗、邪淫、妄语、饮酒。八戒为:在五戒外另加卧高广大床、花鬘璎珞、歌舞戏乐。二百五十戒:即二百五十项应戒的言行细目,合并为五项时,称五篇门。大乘三聚净戒为:摄律仪戒、摄善法戒、摄众生戒。十重禁戒为:杀生、偷盗、邪淫、妄语、饮酒、说过罪、自赞毁他、悭、瞋、谤三宝。四十八轻戒为:不敬师长、不举教忏、背正向邪、不瞻病苦等四十八项具体戒条。