away, contemplation of the: vivattanupassana^; s. vipassana^.
”deliverance”, is of 2 kinds: deliverance of mind (ceto-vimutti, q.v.) and deliverance through wisdom (pan~n~a^-vimutti, q.v.).
”Deliverance of mind”, in the highest sense, is that kind of concentration (sama^dhi) which is bound up with the path of Arahatship (arahatta-magga);”deliverance through wisdom” is the knowledge (n~a^na) bound up with the fruition of Arahatship (arahatta-phala). Cf. A. V, 142.
There are also 5 kinds of deliverance, identical with the 5 kinds of overcoming (paha^na, q.v.).
”aberration” or ”deviation”, may be: deviation from morality (si^la-vipatti), or deviation from understanding (ditthivipatti).
"To deviate in deeds, or in words, or in both deeds and words: this is called deviation from morality.
"”Alms and offerings are useless, there is no fruit and result of good and bad actions, there are no such things as this and the next life”.... Such wrong views are called deviation from understanding." (Pug. 67, 68)
”thought”, ”thought-conception”, is one of the ”secondary” (not constant) mental concomitants (s. Tab. II), and may be either karmically wholesome, unwholesome or neutral. - "There are 3 karmically unwholesome (akusala) thoughts: sensuous thought (ka^ma-vitakka), hating thought (bya^pa^da-v.), and cruel thought (vihimsa-v.). There are 3 karmically wholesome (kusala) thoughts: thought of renunciation (nekkhamma-v.), of hatelessness (avya^pa^da-v.), of not harming (avihimsa^-v.) " The latter three constitute ”right thought”, the 2nd link of the 8-fold Path (s. magga 2).
On the ”Removal of Distracting Thoughts” (vitakka-santha^na), s. M. 20 (tr. in WHEEL 21).
as a name for Nibba^na, seems to be found only in the Com.
”absence of the cycle of existence” (vatta, q.v.), standstill of existence, is a name for Nibba^na (s. nibba^na). - (App.).
1.”spheres”, is a name for the four immaterial absorptions; s. jha^na (5-8). 2. The 12 ”bases” or ”sources” on which depend the mental processes, consist of five physical sense-organs and consciousness, being the six personal (ajjhattika) bases; and the six objects, the so-called external (ba^hira) bases - namely:
eye, or visual organ visible object
ear, or auditory organ sound, or audible object
nose, or olfactory organ odour, or olfactive object
tongue, or gustatory organ taste, or gustative object
body, or tactile organ body-impression, or tactile object
mind-base, or consciousness mind-object
(mana^yatana) (dhamma^yatana)
"By the visual organ (cakkha^yatana) is meant the sensitive part of the eye (cakkhu-pasa^da) built up of the four elements ... responding to sense-stimuli" (sa-ppatigha).... (Vibh. II). Similar is the explanation of the four remaining physical sense-organs.
Mind-base (mana^yatana) is a collective term for all consciousness whatever, and should therefore not be confounded with the mind-element (mano-dha^tu; s. dha^tu II, 16), which latter performs only the functions of adverting (a^vajjana) to the sense-object, and of receiving (sampaticchana) the sense-object. On the functions of the mind, s. vin~n~a^na-kicca.
The visible object (rúpa^yatana) is described in Vibh. II as "that phenomenon which is built up of the four physical elements and appears as color, etc." What is” seen by-visual perception, i.e. by eye-consciousness (cakkhu-vin~n~a^na) are colors and differences of light, but not three dimensional bodily things.
”Mind-object-base” (dhamma^yatana) is identical with ”mind-object-element” (dhamma-dha^tu; s. dha^tu II) and dhamma^rammana (s. a^rammana). It may be physical or mental, past, present or future, real or imaginary.
The 5 physical sense-organs are also called faculties (indriya, q.v.), and of these faculties it is said in M. 43: "Each of the five faculties owns a different sphere, and none of them partakes of the sphere of another one;... they have mind as their support... are conditioned by vitality, ... but vitality again is conditioned by heat, heat again by vitality, just as the light and flame of a burning lamp are mutually conditioned."
The 12 bases are fully discussed in Vis.M. XV. In Yam III (s Guide, p 98f) the 12 terms are subjected to a logical investigation The six personal bases form the 5th link of dependent origination (paticca-samuppa^da 5, q.v.).
upa^saka (q.v.)
Amitabha == 阿彌陀佛
Sanskrit word, literally means boundless light and boundless life. He is the Buddha in the Land of Ultimate Bliss (Pure Land), in which all beings enjoy unbounded happiness. Amitabha has forty-eight great vows to establish and adorn his Pure Land. People also recite or call upon his name by the time of dying will be born in the Land of Ultimate Bliss with the reception by Amitabha. Amitabha is one of the most popular and well-known Buddha in China.
”recollection”, meditation, contemplation. The six recollections often described in the Suttas (e.g. A. VI, 10, 25; D. 33) are: (1) recollection of the Buddha, (2) his Doctrine, (3) his Community of noble disciples, (4) of morality, (5) liberality, (6) heavenly beings (buddha^nussati, dhamma^nussati, sangha^nussati, si^la^nussati, ca^ga^nussati, devata^nussati).
(1) "The noble disciple, Maha^na^ma, recollects thus: ”This Blessed One is holy, a fully Enlightened One, perfected in wisdom and conduct, faring happily, knower of the worlds, unsurpassed leader of men to be trained, teacher of heavenly beings and men, a Buddha, a Blessed One.”
(2) ”Well proclaimed by the Blessed One is the Doctrine (dhamma), directly visible, with immediate fruit, inviting investigation, leading on to Nibba^na, to be comprehended by the wise, each by himself.”
(3) ”Of good conduct is the Community (Sangha) of the Blessed One”s disciples, of upright conduct, living on the right path, performing their duties, to wit: the 4 pairs of men or 8 individuals (s. ariya puggala). This Community of the Blessed One”s disciples is worthy of offerings, worthy of hospitality, worthy of gifts, worthy of reverence with raised hands, the unsurpassed field for doing meritorious deeds.”
(4) "The noble disciple further recollects his own morality (si^la) which is unbroken, without any breach, undefiled, untarnished, conducive to liberation, praised by the wise, not dependent (on craving or opinions), leading to concentration.
(5) "The noble disciple further recollects his own liberality (ca^ga) thus: ”Blessed truly am I, highly blessed am I who, amongst beings defiled with the filth of stinginess, live with heart free from stinginess, liberal, open-handed, rejoicing in giving, ready to give anything asked for, glad to give and share with others.”
(6) "The noble disciple further recollects the heavenly beings (devata^): ”There are the heavenly beings of the retinue of the Four Great Kings, the heavenly beings of the World of the Thirty-Three, the Ya^madevas ... and there are heavenly beings besides (s. deva). Such faith, such morality, such knowledge, such liberality, such insight, possessed of which those heavenly beings, after vanishing from here, are reborn in those worlds, such things are also found in me.”" (A. III,70; VI,10; XI,12).
"At the time when the noble disciple recollects the Perfect One ... at such a time his mind is neither possessed of greed, nor of hate, nor of delusion. Quite upright at such a time is his mind owing to the Perfect One ... With upright mind the noble disciple attains understanding of the sense, understanding of the law, attains joy through the law. In the joyous one rapture arises. With heart enraptured, his whole being becomes stilled. Stilled within his being, he feels happiness; and the mind of the happy one becomes firm. Of this noble disciple it is said that amongst those gone astray, he walks on the right path, among those suffering he abides free from suffering. Thus having reached the stream of the law, he develops the recollection of the Enlightened One...." (A. VI, 10).
In A. I, 21 (PTS: I, xvi) and A. I, 27 (PTS: xx. 2) another 4 recollections are added: mindfulness on death (marana-sati, q.v.), on the body (ka^yagata^-.sati, q.v.), on breathing (a^na^pa^na-sati, q.v.), and the recollection of peace (upasama^nussati, q.v.).
The first six recollections are fully explained in Vis.M. VII, the latter four in Vis.M. VIII.
”superiority-conceit”; s. ma^na.
and va^ritta-sila: are only found in the Com., as Vis.M. 1, etc., but the teaching indicated by it is frequently mentioned in the old sutta texts as karani^ya and akarani^ya (e.g. A. II, 16).
and va^ritta si^la: ”morality consisting in performance and morality consisting in avoidance,” means "the performance of those moral rules which the Blessed one has ordained to be followed, and the avoidance of those things that the Blessed One has rejected as not to be followed" (Vis.M. III). - (App.).
ascetic practice of living in a c.; s. dhutanga.
”mental things, mental factors”, are those mental concomitants which are bound up with the simultaneously arising consciousness (citta = vin~n~a^na) and conditioned by its presence . Whereas in the Suttas all phenomena of existence are summed up under the aspect of 5 groups: corporeality, feeling, perception, mental formations, consciousness (s. khandha), the Abhidhamma as a rule treats them under the more philosophical 3 aspects: consciousness, mental factors and corporeality (citta, cetasika, rúpa). Thus, of these 3 aspects, the mental factors (cetasika) comprise feeling, perception and the 50 mental formations, altogether 52 mental concomitants. Of these, 25 are lofty qualities (either karmically wholesome or neutral), 14 karmically unwholesome, while 13 are as such karmically neutral, their karmical quality depending on whether they are associated with wholesome, unwholesome or neutral consciousness. For details s. Tab. II, III. Cf. prec. (App . )
This term oceurs often in the old sutta texts, but only as adj. (e.g. cetasikam sukham, etc.) or, at times, used as a sing. neut. noun (e.g. D. 1; p. 213, PTS). As a designation for mental factors, or concomitants of consciousness (citta-sampayutta^ dhamma^), it is frequently met with in Dhs. (§ 1189, 1512) as cetasika-dhamma, while in Vis.M., Abh. S., etc., cetasika is used also as a neuter noun, in the sense of mental phenomenon.
the spirits of the: peta (q.v.).
Devotion == 精進
See Vigor.