the ”6 bases” (of mental activity); s. a^yatana, paticcasamuppa^da.
”cemetery contemplations”, as deseribed in D. 22 and M. 10, have as their objects a corpse one or two or three days old, swollen up, blue-black in colour, full of corruption; a corpse eaten by crows, etc.; a framework of bones; flesh hanging from it, bespattered with blood, held together by the sinews; without flesh and blood, but still held together by the sinews; bones scattered in all direction; bleached and resembling shells; heaped together after the lapse of years; weathered and crumbled to dust. At the end of each of these contemplations there follows the conclusion: "This body of mine also has this nature, has this destiny, cannot escape it." Similar are the 10 objects of loathsomeness (asubha q.v.).
utu (q.v.). - For corporeality produced by temperature, s. samuttha^na.
”determining”, defining. In its application to insight meditation, this term occurred first in Pts.M. (I, p. 53); but in a verbal form, as a past participle, already in M. 111: tyassa dhamma^ anupada-vavatthita^ honti, "these things (the mental factors) were determined by him (i.e. Sa^riputta) successively" (s. Abh. St., p. 54). In Vis.M. XX, 130, it is said: ”The determining of the truth of suffering is effected with the determining of mind-and-body in the purification of view (s. visuddhi III). The determining of the truth of origination is effected with the discerning of conditions in the purification by transcending doubt (s. visuddhi IV). The determining of the truth of the path is effected by emphasis on the right path in the purification by knowledge and vision of what is path and not-path (s. visuddhi V). Thus the determining of the 3 truths (suffering, origin, path) has been first effected by means of mundane (lokiya, q.v.) knowledge only." - See sammasana, visuddhi.
For the determining of the 4 physical elements, s. dha^tuvavattha^na.
wuwo
佛教教義。亦稱非我、非身。叁法印之一。佛教根據緣起理論,認爲世界上一切事物都沒有獨立的、實在的自體,即沒有一個常一主宰的“自我”(靈魂)的存在。原始佛教在《相應部經典》中著重論述了佛教的無我論,如“無常是苦,是苦者皆無我”,“此形非自作,亦非他作,乃由因緣而生,因緣滅則滅”。認爲世界上一切事物都不會自生,而是種種要素的集合體,不是固定不變的、單一的獨立體,而是種種要素刹那刹那依緣而生滅的。他們認爲房子是磚瓦木石的結合體,人是由五蘊(色、受、想、行、識)組成的,在這樣的集合體中,沒有常住不變的“我”,故謂無我。
無我分爲兩類:1、人無我(人空)。認爲人是由五蘊假和合而成,沒有常恒自在的主體——我(靈魂);2、法無我(法空)。認爲一切法都由種種因緣和合而生,不斷變遷,沒有常恒的主宰者。小乘佛教一般主張人無我,大乘佛教則認爲一切皆空,法的自性也是空的,一切法的存在都是如幻如化。因此一切事物和現象,按其本性來說都是空的,它們表現出來的,只不過是一些假象,即所謂“性空幻有”。
佛教的無我學說,主要爲反對婆羅門教的有我論而提出的。婆羅門教主張“梵我一如”,認爲“梵”是無所不在的唯一本質,宇宙間的最高主宰,自我(靈魂)是梵的一部分或梵的化身。而這種自我,其量廣大,邊際難測。只有親證梵我同一,才能達到真正解脫的目的。因此,原始佛教爲了反對這種有我理論,提出“諸行無常”、“諸法無我”、“涅槃寂靜”叁個命題,被稱爲叁法印。在部派佛教時期,佛教各派對此也曾引起了許多爭論。
Zhenru
佛教術語。一般解釋爲不變的最高真理或本體。《成唯識論》卷九稱:“真謂真實,顯非虛妄;如謂如常,表無變異。謂此真實于一切位常如其性,故曰真如。”諸經論列有許多異名。《大般若經》卷一百六十稱有“真如、法界、法性、不虛妄性、不變異性、平等性、離生性、法定、法住、實際、虛空界、不思議界”等十二名。《大乘阿毗達磨雜集論》卷二說有“真如、空性、無相、實際、勝義、法界”等六名。《法華玄義》卷八則列有“實相、妙有、真善妙色、實際、畢竟空、如如、涅槃、虛空、佛性、如來藏、中實理心、非有非無中道、第一義谛、微妙寂滅”等十四名。佛教各派對它解釋也不盡相同。中觀派以性空爲如(真如),亦名諸法實相。《大智度論》卷叁十二稱:“諸法實相,常住不動。”瑜伽行派主要以“法無我”、“聖智行”爲真如。唯識家以“唯識實性”爲真如,《成唯識論》卷九謂“此諸法勝義,亦即是真如,常如其性故,即唯識實性”、地論學派立第八阿梨耶識,攝論學派更立第九阿摩羅識,均以自性清淨心爲真如。《大乘起信論》曰:“一切法從本已來,離言說相,離名字相,離心緣相,畢竟平等,無有變異,不可破壞,唯是一心,故名真如。”
由于佛教各派解釋不同,真如的分類也各異。《解深密經》卷叁分爲流轉真如、相真如、了別真如、安立真如、邪行真如、清淨真如、正行真如等七種。《成唯識論》卷十分爲遍行真如、最勝真如、勝流真如、無攝受真如、類無別真如、無染淨真如、法無別真如、不增減真如、智自在所依真如、業自在等所依真如十種。《大乘起信論》分爲離言真如、依言真如兩種和空真如、不空真如兩種。《華嚴經探玄記》卷八則提出一乘真如和叁乘真如;別教真如和同教真如;頓教真如和漸教真如等。《佛地經論》卷七舉出一切法真如發揮法空無我、實性無顛倒性等教義,提出兩種真如(生空無我、法空無我)、叁種真如(善、不善、無記)乃至十種真如。(王新)
a Sutta term for rebirth; s. punabbhava.
(of Karma): a^yúhana (q.v.).
s. sa^sana.
vippayutta-paccaya, is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.) .
dosa-carita; s. carita.
tejo-dha^tu; s. dha^tu.
s. anusaya.
drinks, the evil effect of taking: s. sura^meraya.
lit.”working-ground” (i.e. for meditation), is the term in the Com. for ”subjects of meditation”; s. bha^vana^.
”natural or genuine morality”, is distinct from those outward rules of conduct laid down for either laymen or monks. Those later are the so-called ”prescribed morality” (pan~n~a^ttisi^la). Cf. si^la.
ahetu-, dvihetu-, and tihetu-p.: are purely commentarial terms. For patisandhi-citta, s. citta-vi^thi.
the 7 stages of; s. visuddhi.