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in age eye ill joy LAW law one sel sex utu ZEN aeon alms atta BALA bala body both catu chie deva dosa ends envy fine food gati gems grie hate hell hetu loka lust mada mala mano MARK meat mind moha múla ogha oja^ once open pain path peta rise RUPA rúpa sati talk ties tree unit view void will yoga yoni ZEAL adosa agati ALAYA amata amoha anger ARANA ARHAN ARHAT ASURA asura atta^ aviha bases being belie bhava bodhi bonds cause chaos citta death doors doubt dread faith great greed iddhi image issa^ ja^ti jara^ ji^va ka^ma kalpa kamma KARMA karma kicca kriya kuppa light lobha lower ma^na Ma^ra MAGGA magga merit METTA mirth moral na^ma neyya nicca noble phala pi^ti ra^ga RAKSA right rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA va^yo vasi^ vatta VIGOR water world wrong YAKSA yokes " a^sava abodes access action alobha ANATTA ANICCA anicca Arahat asekha atappa Avi^ci beauty beings bha^va BHIKSU biases bodily BUDDHA Buddha cakkhu carana carita change course dha^tu dhamma DHARMA ditthi divine dukkha eating EFFORT effort elders ENERGY energy escape favour fixity floods forest friend gantha ghosts GIVING giving gnosis groups growth grudge hearer iriya^ JATAKA javana jewels KARUNA kasina khanti kilesa kiriya kusala lokiya MANTRA marana marvel MATTER matter method metta^ middha misery MUDITA niraya object oma^na phassa picked planes powers PRAJNA purity RAHULA refuge samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita upa^di upadhi usages va^ca^ VAISYA vatthu VEDANA vijja^ virati viriya virtue viveka WISDOM wisdom woeful a^ha^ra a^ji^va a^ka^sa a^ruppa absence agility ahimsa^ AKALIKA AKALIKO AKUSALA akusala ANAGAMI anatta^ anusaya arising avacara avijja^ bhikkhu BRAHMIN cankers cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter craving created decline desana^ destiny devotee disease duggati emotion factors feeling fetters freedom HSU YUN HUA TOU INDRIYA indriya insight ji^vita kala^pa karuna^ killing KUSHALA lahuta^ mangala mastery matured meaning message miccha^ miracle mudita^ muduta^ mundane navanga neutral nimitta nirodha NIRVANA nirvana nissaya niya^ma obha^sa okkanti old age ottappa patched patigha perfect Preface puggala pun~n~a rapture reality rebirth remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a thought turning upacaya UPEKKHA vedana^ vibhava vica^ra viha^ra vimutti vipa^ka vipatti vira^ga vitakka vivatta voda^na voka^ra worldly 戒(sila) a^nen~ja a^yatana acquired adherent AKUSHALA AMITABHA ANAGAMIN anussati Appendix atima^na aversion bhavanga BHIKSUNI bondages ca^ritta cemetery cetasika clinging deciding delusion departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic drinking elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fivefold fruition gladness gotrabhú grasping HINAYANA HUI NENG ill will impurity influxes interest kammanta kin~cana KSATRIYA kukkucca lakkhana learning MAHAMAYA MAHAYANA maintain MAITREYA monkhood MORALITY morality Nibba^na nibba^na nibbatti nibbedha not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice progress reaction sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training uddhacca ujukata^ upa^saka upaca^ra upekkha^ uposatha upstream vimamsa^ vimokkha virility visuddhi vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) 空(sunya) 业(karma) 瑜伽(yoga) a^rammana a^vajjana abhijjha^ acinteyya adherence adhicitta akanittha anottappa appama^da asankhata attention avihimsa^ avikkhepa avya^kata beautiful behaviour bha^vana^ BOJJHANGA bojjhanga boundless breathing cetokhila character CONDITION cosmogony cowardice deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga domanassa duccarita dukkhata^ dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness ENDURANCE existence eye organ faculties FIVE EYES formation happiness IGNORANCE ignorance immediacy immediate impulsion indulging intention knowledge kolankola lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta mind base NAGARJUNA nekkhamma ni^varana nutriment obstacles palibodha parikamma pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha pondering proximity PURE LAND ready wit rúpa loka SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA upa^da^na upa^sika^ vanishing vinipa^ta vya^pa^da worldling YASODHARA 阿含(agama) 法(dharma) a^bhassara aberration abhin~n~a^ abhisamaya absorption adhimokkha ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates ALMSGIVING Ana^ga^mi^ analytical antinomies appendants asmi ma^na avya^pa^da awakenment bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conception conditions confidence contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment DHAMMAPADA dibba loka dibba sota DIVINE EYE ego belief ego entity eka bi^ji^ elasticity enthusiasm equanimity expression EXTINCTION extinction femininity few wishes foundation FOUR PHALA FOUR SEALS functional generation hindrances impression impurities individual inducement intimation ka^ma guna ka^ma loka ka^ma^sava liberality liberation low speech macchariya MAHASATTVA mano kamma MEDITATION meditation messengers MIDDLE WAY mutability obduracies opapa^tika overcoming para^ma^sa paramattha parin~n~a^ patisandhi pattida^na permanency productive punabbhava puthujjana reflection repetition repression repugnance RIGHT VIEW rúpa ka^ya sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS unprepared unshakable upakkilesa upavica^ra vehapphala vesa^rajja vin~n~a^na vin~n~atti vipalla^sa vipassana^ wrong path ya^ma deva yuganaddha 不害(ahimsa) 识(Vijnana) 无常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ahosi kamma alms giving anabhijjha^ ANAPANASATI anupassana^ appicchata^ ariya iddhi ariya magga ariya sacca ariya vamsa arúpa bhava association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA brahma loka chaste life co nascence contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements deliverance destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS enlightened fading away forbearance foundations human world iddhi pa^da immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative inseparable intoxicants itthindriya ka^ma bhava ka^ma ra^ga ka^ya kamma kamma bhava kamma patha kamma vatta karma round khi^na^sava kusala múla loka dhamma LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana manasika^ra mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object mindfulness na^ma ka^ya NINE REALMS nippapan~ca noble power origination pa^timokkha pada parama PARINIRVANA paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections performance personality perversions preparatory proficiency pure abodes realization RECOGNITION remembrance rúpa^vacara rúpa^yatana sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable unwholesome uprightness vaci^ kamma vavattha^na vicikiccha^ wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 结集(samgiti) 轮回(samsara) 涅槃(Nirvana) 无我(anatman) 真如(tathata) a^savakkhaya abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability an~n~indriya appaman~n~a^ arúpa^vacara bahula kamma bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dhamma cakka DHARMA-WHEEL dibba cakkhu dispensation dissociation divine abode dry visioned fire element FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES garuka kamma harmlessness hate natured heat element HEAVENLY EYE hiri ottappa homelessness impermanence inclinations intoxicating janaka kamma ka^ma tanha^ ka^ma^vacara ka^ya sakkhi kamma^yúhana kammaja rúpa kammattha^na karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes non violence pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la pan~ca si^la parinibba^na pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness predominance proclivities purification purisindriya ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH rúpa jjha^na rúpa kala^pa rúpa^rammana sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry ▲ 收起
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南传佛教英文辞典 【1】ditthi

  (lit.”sight”;  ?  dis,  to  see):  view,  belief,  speculative  opinion,  insight.  If  not  qualified  by  samma^,  ”right”,  it  mostly  refers  to  wrong  and  evil  view  or  opinion,  and  only  in  a  few  instances  to  right  view,  understanding  or  insight  (e.g.  ditthi-ppatta,  q.v.;  ditthi-visuddhi,  purification  of  insight;  ditthi-sampanna,  possessed  of  insight).
Wrong  or  evil  views  (ditthi  or  miccha^-ditthi)  are  declared  as  utterly  rejectable  for  being  a  source  of  wrong  and  evil  aspirations  and  conduct,  and  liable  at  times  to  lead  man  to  the  deepest  abysses  of  depravity,  as  it  is  said  in  A.  I,  22:
"No  other  thing  than  evil  views  do  I  know,  o  monks,  whereby  to  such  an  extent  the  unwholesome  things  not  yet  arisen  arise,  and  the  unwholesome  things  already  arisen  are  brought  to  growth  and  fullness.  No  other  thing  than  evil  views  do  I  know,  whereby  to  such  an  extent  the  wholesome  things  not  yet  arisen  are  hindered  in  their  arising,  and  the  wholesome  things  already  arisen  disappear.  No  other  thing  than  evil  views  do  I  know,  whereby  to  such  an  extent  human  beings  at  the  dissolution  of  the  body,  at  death,  are  passing  to  a  way  of  suffering,  into  a  world  of  woe,  into  hell."  Further  in  A.  I,  23:  "Whatever  a  man  filled  with  evil  views  performs  or  undertakes,  or  whatever  he  possesses  of  will,  aspiration,  longing  and  tendencies,  all  these  things  lead  him  to  an  undesirable,  unpleasant  and  disagreeable  state,  to  woe  and  suffering."
From  the  Abhidhamma  (Dhs)  it  may  be  inferred  that  evil  views,  whenever  they  arise,  are  associated  with  greed  (s.  Tab.  I.  22,  23,  26,  27).
Numerous  speculative  opinions  and  theories,  which  at  all  times  have  influenced  and  still  are  influencing  mankind,  are  quoted  in  the  sutta-texts.  Amongst  them,  however,  the  wrong  view  which  everywhere,  and  at  all  times,  has  most  misled  and  deluded  mankind  is  the  personality-belief,  the  ego-illusion.  This  personality-belief  (sakka^ya-ditthi),  or  ego-illusion  (atta-ditthi),  is  of  2  kinds:  eternity-belief  and  annihilation-belief.
Eternity-belief  (sassata-ditthi)  is  the  belief  in  the  existence  of  a  persisting  ego-entity,  soul  or  personality,  existing  independently  of  those  physical  and  mental  processes  that  constitute  life  and  continuing  even  after  death.
Annihilation-belief  (uccheda-ditthi),  on  the  other  hand,  is  the  belief  in  the  existence  of  an  ego-entity  or  personality  as  being  more  or  less  identical  with  those  physical  and  mental  processes,  and  which  therefore,  at  the  dissolution  at  death,  will  come  to  be  annihilated.  -  For  the  20  kinds  of  personality-belief,  see  sakka^ya-ditthi.
Now,  the  Buddha  neither  teaches  a  personality  which  will  continue  after  death,  nor  does  he  teach  a  personality  which  will  be  annihilated  at  death,  but  he  shows  us  that  ”personality”,  ”ego”,  ”individual”,  ”man”,  etc.,  are  nothing  but  mere  conventional  designations  (voha^ra-vacana)  and  that  in  the  ultimate  sense  (s.  paramattha-sacca)  there  is  only  this  self-consuming  process  of  physical  and  mental  phenomena  which  continually  arise  and  again  disappear  immediately.  -  For  further  details,  s.  anatta^,  khandha,  paticcasamuppa^da.
"The  Perfect  One  is  free  from  any  theory  (ditthigata),  for  the  Perfect  One  has  seen  what  corporeality  is,  and  how  it  arises  and  passes  away.  He  has  seen  what  feeling  ...  perception  ...  mental  formations  ...  consciousness  are,  and  how  they  arise  and  pass  away.  Therefore  I  say  that  the  Perfect  One  has  won  complete  deliverance  through  the  extinction,  fading  away,  disappearance,  rejection  and  casting  out  of  all  imaginings  and  conjectures,  of  all  inclination  to  the  ”vain-glory  of  ”I”  and  ”mine."  (M.  72).
The  rejection  of  speculative  views  and  theories  is  a  prominent  feature  in  a  chapter  of  the  Sutta-Nipa^ta,  the  Atthaka-Vagga.
The  so-called  ”evil  views  with  fixed  destiny”  (niyata-miccha^ditthi)  constituting  the  last  of  the  10  unwholesome  courses  of  action  (kammapatha,  q.v.),  are  the  following  three:  (1)  the  fatalistic  ”view  of  the  uncausedness”  of  existence  (ahetukaditthi),  (2)  the  view  of  the  inefficacy  of  action”  (akiriyaditthi),  (3)  nihilism  (natthikaditthi).
(1)  was  taught  by  Makkhali-Gosa^la,  a  contemporary  of  the  Buddha  who  denied  every  cause  for  the  corruptness  and  purity  of  beings,  and  asserted  that  everything  is  minutely  predestined  by  fate.
(2)  was  taught  by  Púrana-Kassapa,  another  contemporary  of  the  Buddha  who  denied  every  karmical  effect  of  good  and  bad  actions:  "To  him  who  kills,  steals,  robs,  etc.,  nothing  bad  will  happen.  For  generosity,  self-restraint  and  truthfulness,  etc.  no  reward  is  to  be  expected."
(3)  was  taught  by  Ajita-Kesakambali,  a  third  contemporary  of  the  Buddha  who  asserted  that  any  belief  in  good  action  and  its  reward  is  a  mere  delusion,  that  after  death  no  further  life  would  follow,  that  man  at  death  would  become  dissolved  into  the  elements,  etc.
For  further  details  about  these  3  views,  s.  D.  2,  M.  60;  commentarial  exposition  in  WHEEL  98/99,  P.  23.
Frequently  mentioned  are  also  the  10  antinomies  (antaga^hika^  miccha^-ditthi):  ”Finite  is  the  world”  or  ”infinite  is  the  world”...”body  and  soul  are  identical”  or  ”body  and  soul  are  different”  (e.g.  M.  63).
In  the  Brahma^jala  Sutta  .(D.1),  62  false  views  are  classified  and  described,  comprising  all  conceivable  wrong  views  and  speculations  about  man  and  world.
See  The  All-Embracing  Net  of  Views  (Brahma^jala  Sutta),  tr.  with  Com.  by  Bhikkhu  Bodhi  (BPS).
Further  s.  D.  15,  23,  24,  28;  M.  11,  12,  25,  60,  63,  72,  76,  101,  102,  110;  A.  II,  16;  X,  93;  S.  XXI,  XXIV;  Pts.M.  Ditthikatha^,.  etc.

Wrong  views  (ditthi)  are  one  of  the  proclivities  (s.  anusaya),  cankers  (s.  a^sava),  clingings  (s.  upa^da^na),  one  of  the  three  modes  of  perversions  (s.  vipalla^sa).  Unwholesome  consciousness  (akusala  citta),  rooted  in  greed,  may  be  either  with  or  without  wrong  views  (ditthigata-sampayutta  or  vippayutta);  s.  Dhs.;  Tab  I.
On  right  view  (samma^-ditthi),  s.  magga  and  M.  9  (Trans.  with  Com.  in  ”R.  Und.”).

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