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in age eye ill joy LAW law one sel sex utu ZEN aeon alms atta BALA bala body both catu chie deva dosa ends envy fine food gati gems grie hate hell hetu loka lust mada mala mano MARK meat mind moha múla ogha oja^ once open pain path peta rise RUPA rúpa sati talk ties tree unit view void will yoga yoni ZEAL adosa agati ALAYA amata amoha anger ARANA ARHAN ARHAT ASURA asura atta^ aviha bases being belie bhava bodhi bonds cause chaos citta death doors doubt dread faith great greed iddhi image issa^ ja^ti jara^ ji^va ka^ma kalpa kamma KARMA karma kicca kriya kuppa light lobha lower ma^na Ma^ra MAGGA magga merit METTA mirth moral na^ma neyya nicca noble phala pi^ti ra^ga RAKSA right rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA va^yo vasi^ vatta VIGOR water world wrong YAKSA yokes " a^sava abodes access action alobha ANATTA ANICCA anicca Arahat asekha atappa Avi^ci beauty beings bha^va BHIKSU biases bodily BUDDHA Buddha cakkhu carana carita change course dha^tu dhamma DHARMA ditthi divine dukkha eating EFFORT effort elders ENERGY energy escape favour fixity floods forest friend gantha ghosts GIVING giving gnosis groups growth grudge hearer iriya^ JATAKA javana jewels KARUNA kasina khanti kilesa kiriya kusala lokiya MANTRA marana marvel MATTER matter method metta^ middha misery MUDITA niraya object oma^na phassa picked planes powers PRAJNA purity RAHULA refuge samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita upa^di upadhi usages va^ca^ VAISYA vatthu VEDANA vijja^ virati viriya virtue viveka WISDOM wisdom woeful a^ha^ra a^ji^va a^ka^sa a^ruppa absence agility ahimsa^ AKALIKA AKALIKO AKUSALA akusala ANAGAMI anatta^ anusaya arising avacara avijja^ bhikkhu BRAHMIN cankers cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter craving created decline desana^ destiny devotee disease duggati emotion factors feeling fetters freedom HSU YUN HUA TOU INDRIYA indriya insight ji^vita kala^pa karuna^ killing KUSHALA lahuta^ mangala mastery matured meaning message miccha^ miracle mudita^ muduta^ mundane navanga neutral nimitta nirodha NIRVANA nirvana nissaya niya^ma obha^sa okkanti old age ottappa patched patigha perfect Preface puggala pun~n~a rapture reality rebirth remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a thought turning upacaya UPEKKHA vedana^ vibhava vica^ra viha^ra vimutti vipa^ka vipatti vira^ga vitakka vivatta voda^na voka^ra worldly 戒(sila) a^nen~ja a^yatana acquired adherent AKUSHALA AMITABHA ANAGAMIN anussati Appendix atima^na aversion bhavanga BHIKSUNI bondages ca^ritta cemetery cetasika clinging deciding delusion departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic drinking elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fivefold fruition gladness gotrabhú grasping HINAYANA HUI NENG ill will impurity influxes interest kammanta kin~cana KSATRIYA kukkucca lakkhana learning MAHAMAYA MAHAYANA maintain MAITREYA monkhood MORALITY morality Nibba^na nibba^na nibbatti nibbedha not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice progress reaction sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training uddhacca ujukata^ upa^saka upaca^ra upekkha^ uposatha upstream vimamsa^ vimokkha virility visuddhi vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) 空(sunya) 業(karma) 瑜伽(yoga) a^rammana a^vajjana abhijjha^ acinteyya adherence adhicitta akanittha anottappa appama^da asankhata attention avihimsa^ avikkhepa avya^kata beautiful behaviour bha^vana^ BOJJHANGA bojjhanga boundless breathing cetokhila character CONDITION cosmogony cowardice deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga domanassa duccarita dukkhata^ dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness ENDURANCE existence eye organ faculties FIVE EYES formation happiness IGNORANCE ignorance immediacy immediate impulsion indulging intention knowledge kolankola lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta mind base NAGARJUNA nekkhamma ni^varana nutriment obstacles palibodha parikamma pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha pondering proximity PURE LAND ready wit rúpa loka SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA upa^da^na upa^sika^ vanishing vinipa^ta vya^pa^da worldling YASODHARA 阿含(agama) 法(dharma) a^bhassara aberration abhin~n~a^ abhisamaya absorption adhimokkha ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates ALMSGIVING Ana^ga^mi^ analytical antinomies appendants asmi ma^na avya^pa^da awakenment bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conception conditions confidence contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment DHAMMAPADA dibba loka dibba sota DIVINE EYE ego belief ego entity eka bi^ji^ elasticity enthusiasm equanimity expression EXTINCTION extinction femininity few wishes foundation FOUR PHALA FOUR SEALS functional generation hindrances impression impurities individual inducement intimation ka^ma guna ka^ma loka ka^ma^sava liberality liberation low speech macchariya MAHASATTVA mano kamma MEDITATION meditation messengers MIDDLE WAY mutability obduracies opapa^tika overcoming para^ma^sa paramattha parin~n~a^ patisandhi pattida^na permanency productive punabbhava puthujjana reflection repetition repression repugnance RIGHT VIEW rúpa ka^ya sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS unprepared unshakable upakkilesa upavica^ra vehapphala vesa^rajja vin~n~a^na vin~n~atti vipalla^sa vipassana^ wrong path ya^ma deva yuganaddha 不害(ahimsa) 識(Vijnana) 無常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ahosi kamma alms giving anabhijjha^ ANAPANASATI anupassana^ appicchata^ ariya iddhi ariya magga ariya sacca ariya vamsa arúpa bhava association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA brahma loka chaste life co nascence contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements deliverance destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS enlightened fading away forbearance foundations human world iddhi pa^da immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative inseparable intoxicants itthindriya ka^ma bhava ka^ma ra^ga ka^ya kamma kamma bhava kamma patha kamma vatta karma round khi^na^sava kusala múla loka dhamma LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana manasika^ra mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object mindfulness na^ma ka^ya NINE REALMS nippapan~ca noble power origination pa^timokkha pada parama PARINIRVANA paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections performance personality perversions preparatory proficiency pure abodes realization RECOGNITION remembrance rúpa^vacara rúpa^yatana sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable unwholesome uprightness vaci^ kamma vavattha^na vicikiccha^ wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 結集(samgiti) 輪回(samsara) 涅槃(Nirvana) 無我(anatman) 真如(tathata) a^savakkhaya abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability an~n~indriya appaman~n~a^ arúpa^vacara bahula kamma bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dhamma cakka DHARMA-WHEEL dibba cakkhu dispensation dissociation divine abode dry visioned fire element FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES garuka kamma harmlessness hate natured heat element HEAVENLY EYE hiri ottappa homelessness impermanence inclinations intoxicating janaka kamma ka^ma tanha^ ka^ma^vacara ka^ya sakkhi kamma^yúhana kammaja rúpa kammattha^na karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes non violence pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la pan~ca si^la parinibba^na pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness predominance proclivities purification purisindriya ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH rúpa jjha^na rúpa kala^pa rúpa^rammana sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry ▲ 收起
當前顯示「karma」的詞條結果 顯示所有
南傳佛教英文辭典 【1】karma

  (Sanskrit),  Pa^li:  kamma:  ”action”,  correctly  speaking  denotes  the  wholesome  and  unwholesome  volitions  (kusala-  and  akusala-cetana^)  and  their  concomitant  mental  factors,  causing  rebirth  and  shaping  the  destiny  of  beings.  These  karmical  volitions  (kamma  cetana^)  become  manifest  as  wholesome  or  unwholesome  actions  by  body  (ka^ya-kamma),  speech  (vaci^-kamma)  and  mind  (mano-kamma).  Thus  the  Buddhist  term  ”karma”  by  no  means  signifies  the  result  of  actions,  and  quite  certainly  not  the  fate  of  man,  or  perhaps  even  of  whole  nations  (the  so-called  wholesale  or  mass-karma),  misconceptions  which,  through  the  influence  of  theosophy,  have  become  widely  spread  in  the  West.
"Volition  (cetana^),  o  monks,  is  what  I  call  action  (cetana^ham  bhikkhave  kammam  vada^mi),  for  through  volition  one  performs  the  action  by  body,  speech  or  mind..  There  is  karma  (action),  o  monks,  that  ripens  in  hell....  Karma  that  ripens  in  the  animal  world..  Karma  that  ripens  in  the  world  of  men....  Karma  that  ripens  in  the  heavenly  world....  Threefold,  however,  is  the  fruit  of  karma:  ripening  during  the  life-time  (dittha-dhamma-vedani^ya-kamma),  ripening  in  the  next  birth  (upapajja-vedani^ya-kamma),  ripening  in  later  births  (apara^pariya-vedani^ya  kamma)  ...."  (A.VI,  63).
The  3  conditions  or  roots  (múla,  q.v.)  of  unwholesome  karma  (actions)  are  greed,  hatred,  delusion  (lobha,  dosa,  moha);  those  of  wholesome  karma  are:  unselfishness  (alobha),  hatelessness  (adosa  =  metta^,  good-will),  undeludedness  (amoha  =  pan~n~a^,  knowledge)  .
"Greed,  o  monks,  is  a  condition  for  the  arising  of  karma;  hatred  is  a  condition  for  the  arising  of  karma;  delusion  is  a  condition  for  the  arising  of  karma  ...."  (A.  III,  109).
"The  unwholesome  actions  are  of  3  kinds,  conditioned  by  greed,  or  hate,  or  delusion.
"Killing  ...  stealing  ...  unlawful  sexual  intercourse  ...  lying  ...  slandering  ...  rude  speech  ...  foolish  babble,  if  practised,  carried  on,  and  frequently  cultivated,  leads  to  rebirth  in  hell,  or  amongst  the  animals,  or  amongst  the  ghosts"  (A.  III,  40)."He  who  kills  and  is  cruel  goes  either  to  hell  or,  if  reborn  as  man,  will  be  short-lived.  He  who  torments  others  will  be  afflicted  with  disease.  The  angry  one  will  look  ugly,  the  envious  one  will  be  without  influence,  the  stingy  one  will  be  poor,  the  stubborn  one  will  be  of  low  descent,  the  indolent  one  will  be  without  knowledge.  In  the  contrary  case,  man  will  be  reborn  in  heaven  or  reborn  as  man,  he  will  be  long-lived,  possessed  of  beauty,  influence,  noble  descent  and  knowledge"  (cf.  M.  135).
For  the  above  10-fold  wholesome  and  unwholesome  course  of  action,  see  kamma-patha.  For  the  5  heinous  crimes  with  immediate  result,  s.  a^nantarika-kamma.
"Owners  of  their  karma  are  the  beings,  heirs  of  their  karma,  their  karma  is  their  womb  from  which  they  are  born,  their  karma  is  their  friend,  their  refuge.  Whatever  karma  they  perform,  good  or  bad,  thereof  they  will  be  the  heirs"  (M.  135).
With  regard  to  the  time  of  the  taking  place  of  the  karma-result  (vipa^ka),  one  distinguishes,  as  mentioned  above,  3  kinds  of  karma:
1.  karma  ripening  during  the  life-time  (dittha-dhamma-vedani^ya  kamma);
2.  karma  ripening  in  the  next  birth  (upapajja-vedani^ya-kamma);
3.  karma  ripening  in  later  births  (apara^pariya-vedani^ya-kamma).
The  first  two  kinds  of  karma  may  be  without  karma-result  (vipa^ka),  if  the  circumstances  required  for  the  taking  place  of  the  karma-result  are  missing,  or  if,  through  the  preponderance  of  counteractive  karma  and  their  being  too  weak,  they  are  unable  to  produce  any  result.  In  this  case  they  are  called  ahosi-kamma,  lit.”karma  that  has  been”,  in  other  words,  ineffectual  karma.
The  third  type  of  karma,  however,  which  bears  fruit  in  later  lives,  will,  whenever  and  wherever  there  is  an  opportunity,  be  productive  of  karma-result.  Before  its  result  has  ripened,  it  will  never  become  ineffective  as  long  as  the  life-process  is  kept  going  by  craving  and  ignorance.
According  to  the  Com.,  e.g.  Vis.M.  XIX,  the  1st  of  the  7  karmical  impulsive-moments  (kamma  javana;  s.  javana)  is  considered  as  ”karma  ripening  during  the  life-time”,  the  7th  moment  as  ”karma  ripening  in  the  next  birth”,  the  remaining  5  moments  as  ”karma  ripening  in  later  births”.
With  regard  to  their  functions  one  distinguishes:
1.  regenerative  (or  productive)  karma  (janaka-kamma),
2.  supportive  (or  consolidating)  karma  (upatthambhaka-kamma),
3.  counteractive  (suppressive  or  frustrating)  karma  (upapi^laka-kamma),
4.  destructive  (or  supplanting)  karma  (upagha^taka-  or  upacchedaka-kamma).
(1)  produces  the  5  groups  of  existence  (corporeality,  feeling,  perception,  mental  formations,  consciousness)  at  rebirth  as  well  as  during  life-continuity.
(2)  does  not  produce  karma-results  but  is  only  able  to  maintain  the  already  produced  karma-results.
(3)  counteracts  or  suppresses  the  karma-results.
(4)  destroys  the  influence  of  a  weaker  karma  and  effects  only  its  own  result.
With  regard  to  the  priority  of  their  result  one  distinguishes:
1.  weighty  karma  (garuka-kamma),
2.  habitual  karma  (a^cinnaka-  or  bahula-kamma),
3.  death-proximate  karma  (marana^sanna-kamma),
4.  stored-up  karma  (katatta^-kamma).
(1,  2)  The  weighty  (garuka)  and  the  habitual  (bahula)  wholesome  or  unwholesome  karma  are  ripening  earlier  than  the  light  and  rarely  performed  karma.  (3)  The  death-proximate  (marana^sanna)  karma  -  i.e.  the  wholesome  or  unwholesome  volition  present  immediately  before  death,  which  often  may  be  the  reflex  of  some  previously  performed  good  or  evil  action  (kamma),  or  of  a  sign  of  it  (kamma-nimitta),  or  of  a  sign  of  the  future  existence  (gati-nimitta)  -  produces  rebirth.  (4)  In  the  absence  of  any  of  these  three  actions  at  the  moment  before  death,  the  stored-up  (katatta^)  karma  will  produce  rebirth.
A  real,  and  in  the  ultimate  sense  true,  understanding  of  Buddhist  karma  doctrine  is  possible  only  through  a  deep  insight  into  the  impersonality  (s.  anatta^)  and  conditionality  (s.  paticcasamuppa^da,  paccaya)  of  all  phenomena  of  existence."Everywhere,  in  all  the  forms  of  existence  ...  such  a  one  is  beholding  merely  mental  and  physical  phenomena  kept  going  by  their  being  bound  up  through  causes  and  effects.
"No  doer  does  he  see  behind  the  deeds,  no  recipient  apart  from  the  karma-fruit.  And  with  full  insight  he  clearly  understands  that  the  wise  ones  are  using  merely  conventional  terms  when,  with  regard  to  the  taking  place  of  any  action,  they  speak  of  a  doer,  or  when  they  speak  of  a  receiver  of  the  karma-results  at  their  arising.  Therefore  the  ancient  masters  have  said:
”No  doer  of  the  deeds  is  found,
No  one  who  ever  reaps  their  fruits;
Empty  phenomena  roll  on:
This  view  alone  is  right  and  true.

”And  whilst  the  deeds  and  their  results
Roll  on,  based  on  conditions  all,
There  no  beginning  can  be  seen,
Just  as  it  is  with  seed  and  tree.”"  (Vis.M.  XIX)

Karma  (kamma-paccaya)  is  one  of  the  24  conditions  (paccaya,  q.v.)  (App.:  Kamma).
Literature:  Karma  and  Rebirth,  by  Nyanatiloka  (WHEEL  9);  Survival  and  Karma  in  Buddhist  Perspective,  by  K.N.  Jayatilleke  (WHEEL  141/143);  Kamma  and  its  Fruit  (WHEEL  221/224).

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