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in age eye ill joy LAW law one sel sex utu ZEN aeon alms atta BALA bala body both catu chie deva dosa ends envy fine food gati gems grie hate hell hetu loka lust mada mala mano MARK meat mind moha múla ogha oja^ once open pain path peta rise RUPA rúpa sati talk ties tree unit view void will yoga yoni ZEAL adosa agati ALAYA amata amoha anger ARANA ARHAN ARHAT ASURA asura atta^ aviha bases being belie bhava bodhi bonds cause chaos citta death doors doubt dread faith great greed iddhi image issa^ ja^ti jara^ ji^va ka^ma kalpa kamma KARMA karma kicca kriya kuppa light lobha lower ma^na Ma^ra MAGGA magga merit METTA mirth moral na^ma neyya nicca noble phala pi^ti ra^ga RAKSA right rules sacca sagga sakka satta sekha sense shame si^la sloth space STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA va^yo vasi^ vatta VIGOR water world wrong YAKSA yokes " a^sava abodes access action alobha ANATTA ANICCA anicca Arahat asekha atappa Avi^ci beauty beings bha^va BHIKSU biases bodily BUDDHA Buddha cakkhu carana carita change course dha^tu dhamma DHARMA ditthi divine dukkha eating EFFORT effort elders ENERGY energy escape favour fixity floods forest friend gantha ghosts GIVING giving gnosis groups growth grudge hearer iriya^ JATAKA javana jewels KARUNA kasina khanti kilesa kiriya kusala lokiya MANTRA marana marvel MATTER matter method metta^ middha misery MUDITA niraya object oma^na phassa picked planes powers PRAJNA purity RAHULA refuge samma^ sangha SANJNA sarana sexual stains suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU taints tanha^ terror torpor trance truths tusita upa^di upadhi usages va^ca^ VAISYA vatthu VEDANA vijja^ virati viriya virtue viveka WISDOM wisdom woeful a^ha^ra a^ji^va a^ka^sa a^ruppa absence agility ahimsa^ AKALIKA AKALIKO AKUSALA akusala ANAGAMI anatta^ anusaya arising avacara avijja^ bhikkhu BRAHMIN cankers cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter craving created decline desana^ destiny devotee disease duggati emotion factors feeling fetters freedom HSU YUN HUA TOU INDRIYA indriya insight ji^vita kala^pa karuna^ killing KUSHALA lahuta^ mangala mastery matured meaning message miccha^ miracle mudita^ muduta^ mundane navanga neutral nimitta nirodha NIRVANA nirvana nissaya niya^ma obha^sa okkanti old age ottappa patched patigha perfect Preface puggala pun~n~a rapture reality rebirth remorse sa^sana sa^vaka saddha^ SAMADHI samatha sammuti SAMSARA samseva sassata sikkha^ sitting skilful sobhana spheres SRAVAKA sublime sun~n~a thought turning upacaya UPEKKHA vedana^ vibhava vica^ra viha^ra vimutti vipa^ka vipatti vira^ga vitakka vivatta voda^na voka^ra worldly 戒(sila) a^nen~ja a^yatana acquired adherent AKUSHALA AMITABHA ANAGAMIN anussati Appendix atima^na aversion bhavanga BHIKSUNI bondages ca^ritta cemetery cetasika clinging deciding delusion departed DEVOTION dhutanga dogmatic drinking elements eternity exertion extremes fatalism fivefold fruition gladness gotrabhú grasping HINAYANA HUI NENG ill will impurity influxes interest kammanta kin~cana KSATRIYA kukkucca lakkhana learning MAHAMAYA MAHAYANA maintain MAITREYA monkhood MORALITY morality Nibba^na nibba^na nibbatti nibbedha not self opposite PARAMITA PATIENCE patience postures practice progress reaction sakka^ya sama^dhi sambodhi sammatta sampada^ samsa^ra SAMSKARA san~n~a^ sankappa sankhata santa^na scruples sensuous serenity signless sucarita suchness Table II tathata^ te vijja thinking training uddhacca ujukata^ upa^saka upaca^ra upekkha^ uposatha upstream vimamsa^ vimokkha virility visuddhi vitality VOLITION volition 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) 空(sunya) 業(karma) 瑜伽(yoga) a^rammana a^vajjana abhijjha^ acinteyya adherence adhicitta akanittha anottappa appama^da asankhata attention avihimsa^ avikkhepa avya^kata beautiful behaviour bha^vana^ BOJJHANGA bojjhanga boundless breathing cetokhila character CONDITION cosmogony cowardice deva dúta deviation dhuta^nga domanassa duccarita dukkhata^ dwellings EMPTINESS emptiness ENDURANCE existence eye organ faculties FIVE EYES formation happiness IGNORANCE ignorance immediacy immediate impulsion indulging intention knowledge kolankola lightness lokuttara mahaggata micchatta mind base NAGARJUNA nekkhamma ni^varana nutriment obstacles palibodha parikamma pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha pondering proximity PURE LAND ready wit rúpa loka SAHA LAND sammasana samphassa samyojana sankha^ra SARIPUTRA sena^sana SENSATION SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS SIX PATHS SIX ROOTS somanassa something suffering ti pitaka ti ratana ti sarana TRAILOKYA treasures TRIPITAKA upa^da^na upa^sika^ vanishing vinipa^ta vya^pa^da worldling YASODHARA 阿含(agama) 法(dharma) a^bhassara aberration abhin~n~a^ abhisamaya absorption adhimokkha ADHITTHANA advertence aggregates ALMSGIVING Ana^ga^mi^ analytical antinomies appendants asmi ma^na avya^pa^da awakenment bhava^sava BODHISATTA Bodhisatta compassion conception conditions confidence contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment DHAMMAPADA dibba loka dibba sota DIVINE EYE ego belief ego entity eka bi^ji^ elasticity enthusiasm equanimity expression EXTINCTION extinction femininity few wishes foundation FOUR PHALA FOUR SEALS functional generation hindrances impression impurities individual inducement intimation ka^ma guna ka^ma loka ka^ma^sava liberality liberation low speech macchariya MAHASATTVA mano kamma MEDITATION meditation messengers MIDDLE WAY mutability obduracies opapa^tika overcoming para^ma^sa paramattha parin~n~a^ patisandhi pattida^na permanency productive punabbhava puthujjana reflection repetition repression repugnance RIGHT VIEW rúpa ka^ya sa^man~n~a sama^patti sensuality SEVEN GEMS SHAKYAMUNI si^labbata SIX PLACES sota^panna sota^patti standstill stinginess successive SUDDHODANA ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TEN POWERS tendencies therava^da TWO DEATHS unprepared unshakable upakkilesa upavica^ra vehapphala vesa^rajja vin~n~a^na vin~n~atti vipalla^sa vipassana^ wrong path ya^ma deva yuganaddha 不害(ahimsa) 識(Vijnana) 無常(anitya) a^nantariya a^po dha^tu abandonment abstentions adhittha^na ahosi kamma alms giving anabhijjha^ ANAPANASATI anupassana^ appicchata^ ariya iddhi ariya magga ariya sacca ariya vamsa arúpa bhava association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA brahma loka chaste life co nascence contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta defilements deliverance destruction determining development dissolution dosa carita earnestness egolessness EIGHT WINDS enlightened fading away forbearance foundations human world iddhi pa^da immortality indifferent infatuation inoperative inseparable intoxicants itthindriya ka^ma bhava ka^ma ra^ga ka^ya kamma kamma bhava kamma patha kamma vatta karma round khi^na^sava kusala múla loka dhamma LOTUS SUTRA maha^ bhúta mana^yatana manasika^ra mano dha^tu MIDDLE PATH middle path mind object mindfulness na^ma ka^ya NINE REALMS nippapan~ca noble power origination pa^timokkha pada parama PARINIRVANA paritta^bha patipannaka patti da^na penetration perfections performance personality perversions preparatory proficiency pure abodes realization RECOGNITION remembrance rúpa^vacara rúpa^yatana sala^yatana sama si^si^ samuttha^na san~cetana^ san~n~ojana si^vathika^ sikkha^pada supernormal tejo dha^tu tejo kasina temperature THREE ROOTS THREE SEALS ti lakkhana unthinkable unwholesome uprightness vaci^ kamma vavattha^na vicikiccha^ wrongnesses 定 (samadhi) 結集(samgiti) 輪回(samsara) 涅槃(Nirvana) 無我(anatman) 真如(tathata) a^savakkhaya abhinibbatti accumulation adaptability an~n~indriya appaman~n~a^ arúpa^vacara bahula kamma bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ body witness ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dhamma cakka DHARMA-WHEEL dibba cakkhu dispensation dissociation divine abode dry visioned fire element FIVE WISDOMS FOUR VIRTUES garuka kamma harmlessness hate natured heat element HEAVENLY EYE hiri ottappa homelessness impermanence inclinations intoxicating janaka kamma ka^ma tanha^ ka^ma^vacara ka^ya sakkhi kamma^yúhana kammaja rúpa kammattha^na karma result kilesa ka^ma light kasina lobha carita mental image mind element momentaneity nesajjikanga ni^la kasina noble abodes non violence pa^tiha^riya pakati si^la pan~ca si^la parinibba^na pasa^da rúpa patisandhika petti visaya pi^ta kasina pleasantness predominance proclivities purification purisindriya ra^ga carita radiant gods recollectons RENUNCIATION restlessness RIGHT ACTION RIGHT EFFORT RIGHT SPEECH rúpa jjha^na rúpa kala^pa rúpa^rammana sacca n~a^na SAKRADAGAMIN sambojjhanga samma^ magga sampajan~n~a santutthita^ SIX INDRIYAS SIX PARAMITA SROTA-APANNA stream entry ▲ 收起
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南傳佛教英文辭典 【1】sacca

  ”Truth”.  -  1.  On  the  ”two  truths”,  conventional  and  ultimale,  see  paramattha.
2.”The  Four  Noble  Truths”  (ariya-sacca)  are  the  briefest  synthesis  of  the  entire  teachings  of  Buddhism,  since  all  those  manifold  doctrines  of  the  threefold  canon  are,  without  any  exception,  included  therein.  They  are:  the  truth  of  suffering,  of  the  origin  of  suffering,  of  the  extinction  of  suffering,  and  of  the  Eightfold  Path  leading  to  the  extinction  of  suffering.
I.  The  1st  truth,  briefly  stated,  teaches  that  all  forms  of  existence  whatsoever  are  unsatisfactory  and  subject  to  suffering  (dukkha).
II.  The  2nd  truth  teaches  that  all  suffering,  and  all  rebirth,  is  produced  by  craving  (tanha^).
III.  The  3rd  truth  teaches  that  extinction  of  craving  necessarily  results  in  extinction  (nirodha)  of  rebirth  and  suffering,  i.e.  nibba^na  (q.v.).
IV.  The  4th  truth  of  the  Eightfold  Path  (magga)  indicates  the  means  by  which  this  extinction  is  attained.
The  stereotype  text  frequently  recurring  in  the  Sutta  Pitaka,  runs  as  follows:
I."But  what,  o  monks,  is  the  noble  truth  of  suffering?  Birth  is  suffering,  decay  is  suffering,  death  is  suffering;  sorrow,  lamentation,  pain,  grief  and  despair  are  suffering;  in  short,  the  5  groups  of  existence  connected  with  clinging  are  suffering  (cf.  dukkha,  dukkhata).
II.””But  what,  o  monks,  is  the  noble  truth  of  the  origin  of  suffering?  It  is  that  craving  which  gives  rise  to  fresh  rebirth  and,  bound  up  with  lust  and  greed,  now  here,  now  there,  finds  ever  fresh  delight.  It  is  the  sensual  craving  (ka^ma-tanha^),  the  craving  for  existence  (bhava-tanha^),  the  craving  for  non-existence  or  self-annihilation  (vibhava-tanha^).
III."But  what,  o  monks,  is  the  noble  truth  of  the  extinction  of  suffering?  It  is  the  complete  fading  away  and  extinction  of  this  craving,  its  forsaking  and  giving  up,  liberation  and  detachment  from  it.
IV."But  what,  o  monks,  is  the  noble  truth  of  the  path  leading  to  the  extinction  of  suffering?  It  is  the  Noble  Eightfold  Path  (ariya-atthangika-magga)  that  leads  to  the  extinction  of  suffering,  namely:

1.  Right  view  (samma^-ditthi)2.  Right  thought  (samma^-sankappa) III.  Wisdom  (pan~n~a^)
3.  Right  speech  (samma^-va^ca^)4.  Right  action  (samma^-kammanta)5.  Right  livelihood  (sammd-djiva)   I.  Morality  (si^la)
6.  Right  effort  (samma^-va^ya^ma)7.  Right  mindfulness  (samma^-sati)8.  Right  concentration  (samma^-sama^dhi)   II.  Concentration  (sama^dhi)


1."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  view  (or  right  understanding)?  It  is  the  understanding  of  suffering,  of  the  origin  of  suffering,  of  the  extinction  of  suffering,  and  of  the  path  leading  to  the  extinction  of  suffering.
2."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  thought?  It  is  a  mind  free  from  sensual  lust,  ill-will  and  cruelty.
3."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  speech?  Abstaining  from  lying,  tale-bearing,  harsh  words,  and  foolish  babble  (cf.  tiraccha^nakatha^).
4."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  action?  Abstaining  from  injuring  living  beings,  from  stealing  and  from  unlawful  sexual  intercourse  (s.  ka^mesu  miccha^ca^ra).
5."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  livelihood?  If  the  noble  disciple  rejects  a  wrong  living,  and  gains  his  living  by  means  of  right  livelihood  (s.  magga,  5).
6."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  effort?  If  the  disciple  rouses  his  will  to  avoid  the  arising  of  evil,  demeritorious  things  that  have  not  yet  arisen;...  if  he  rouses  his  will  to  overcome  the  evil,  demeritorious  things  that  have  already  arisen;...  if  he  rouses  his  will  to  produce  meritorious  things  that  have  not  yet  arisen;...  if  he  rouses  his  will  to  maintain  the  meritorious  things  that  have  already  arisen  and  not  to  let  them  disappear,  but  to  bring  them  to  growth,  to  maturity  and  to  the  full  perfection  of  development;  he  thus  makes  effort,  stirs  up  his  energy,  exerts  his  mind  and  strives  (s.  padha^na).
7."What  now,  o  monks  is  right  mindfulness?  If  the  disciple  dwells  in  contemplation  of  corporeality  ...  of  feeling  ...  of  mind  ...  of  the  mind-objects,  ardent,  clearly  conscious,  and  mindful  after  putting  away  worldly  greed  and  grief  (s.  satipattha^na).
8."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  concentration?  If  the  disciple  is  detached  from  sensual  objects,  detached  from  unwholesome  things,  and  enters  into  the  first  absorption  ...  the  second  absorption  ...  the  third  absorption  ...  the  fourth  absorption"  (s.  jha^na).
In  the  Buddha”s  first  sermon,  the  Dhammacakkappavattana  Sutta,  it  is  said  that  the  first  truth  (suffering)  is  to  be  fully  understood;  the  second  truth  (craving)  to  be  abandoned;  the  third  truth  (Nibba^na)  to  be  realized;  the  fourth  truth  (the  path)  to  be  cultivated.
"The  truth  of  suffering  is  to  be  compared  with  a  disease,  the  truth  of  the  origin  of  suffering  with  the  cause  of  the  disease,  the  truth  of  extinction  of  suffering  with  the  cure  of  the  disease,  the  truth  of  the  path  with  the  medicine"  (Vis.M.  XVI).
In  the  ultimate  sense,  all  these  4  truths  are  to  be  considered  as  empty  of  a  self,  since  there  is  no  feeling  agent,  no  doer,  no  liberated  one.  no  one  who  follows  along  the  path.  Therefore  it  is  said:
”Mere  suffering  exists,  no  sufferer  is  found.
The  deed  is,  but  no  doer  of  the  deed  is  there.
Nibba^na  is,  but  not  the  man  that  enters  it.
The  path  is,  but  no  traveller  on  it  is  seen.

”The  first  truth  and  the  second  truth  are  empty
Of  permanency,  joy,  of  self  and  beauty;
The  Deathless  Realm  is  empty  of  an  ego,
And  free  from  permanency,  joy  and  self,  the  path.”
(Vis.M.  XVI)

It  must  be  pointed  out  that  the  first  truth  does  not  merely  refer  to  actual  suffering,  i.e.  to  suffering  as  feeling,  but  that  it  shows  that,  in  consequence  of  the  universal  law  of  impermanency,  all  the  phenomena  of  existence  whatsoever,  even  the  sublimest  states  of  existence,  are  subject  to  change  and  dissolution,  and  hence  are  miserable  and  unsatisfactory;  and  that  thus,  without  exception,  they  all  contain  in  themselves  the  germ  of  suffering.  Cf.  Guide,  p.  101f.
Regarding  the  true  nature  of  the  path,  s.  magga.
Literature:  Dhammacakkappavattana  Sutta  (in  WHEEL  17  and  BODHI  LEAVES);  M.  141;  Sacca-Samyutta  (S.  LVI);  Sacca  Vibhanga;  W.  of  B.;  Vis.M.  XVI:  The  Four  Noble  Truths  by  Francis  Story  (WHEEL  34/35);  The  Significance  of  the  4  Noble  Truths  by  V.  F.  Gunaratna  (WHEEL  123).

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