(in the Arahat): s. hasituppa^da-citta.
patha (lit.”ways of movement”): ”bodily postures”, i.e. going, standing, sitting, lying. In the Satipattha^na-sutta (s. satipattha^na), they form the subject of a contemplation and an exercise in mindfulness.
"While going, standing, sitting or lying down, the monk knows ”I go”, ”I stand”, ”I sit”, ”I lie down”; he understands any position of the body." - "The disciple understands that there is no living being, no real ego, that goes, stands, etc., but that it is by a mere figure of speech that one says: ”I go”, ”I stand”, and so forth." (Com.).
(or kriya)-citta: ”functional consciousness” or ”karmically inoperative consciousness”, is a name for such states of consciousness as are neither karmically wholesome (kusala), nor unwholesome (akusala), nor karma-results (vipa^ka); that is, they function independently of karma. Thus are also called all those worldly mental states in the Arahat which are accompanied by 2 or 3 noble roots (greedlessness, hatelessness, undeludedness), being in the Arahat karmically neutral and corresponding to the karmically wholesome states of a non-Arahat (s. Tab. 1-8 and 73-89), as well as the rootless mirth-producing (hasituppa^da) mind-consciousness-element of the Arahat (Tab. 72); further, that mind-element (mano-dha^tu) which performs the function of advertence (a^vajjana) to the sense object (Tab. 70), and that mind-consciousness-element (manovin~n~a^na-dha^tu) which performs the functions of deciding (votthapana) and advertence to the mental object (Tab. 71). The last-named 2 elements, of course, occur in all beings.
Together with karma-resultant consciousness (vipa^ka) it belongs to the group of ”karmically neutral consciousness” (avya^kata). See Tab. I (last column). - (App.).
(kiriya^, kriya^) citta is a term first used in the Abh. Canon (e.g. Dhs. §§ 566-582). It has an important place in post-canonical Abh. literature, e.g. Vis.M. XIV.
lit.”the downward-path”, the nether or infernal world, usually translated by ”hell”, is one of the 4 lower courses of existence (apa^ya, q.v.). The Buddhists are well aware that on account of the universal sway of impermanence a life in hell, just as in heaven, cannot last eternally, but will after exhaustion of the karma which has caused the respective form of rebirth, necessarily be followed again by a new death and a new rebirth, according to the stored-up karma.
the 3 ”abstentions” or abstinences, are: abstention from wrong speech, wrong (bodily) action and wrong livelihood; corresponding to right speech, action and livelihood of the 8-fold Path (s. magga, 3-5). By abstention is not simply meant the non-occurrence of the evil things in question, but the deliberate abstaining therefrom, whenever occasion arises. They belong to the ”secondary” (not constant) mental concomitants obtaining in lofty consciousness (s. Tab. II). Cf. si^la.
”energy”, lit.”virility”, ”manliness” or ”heroism” (from vi^ra, man, hero; Lat. vir; cf. virtus), is one of the 5 spiritual faculties and powers (s. bala), one of the 7 factors of enlightenment (s. bojjhanga) and identical with right effort of the 8-fold Path (s. magga). For further explanations, s. padha^na.
s. si^la.
s. pa^tiha^riya.
”extinction”; s. nirodha-sama^patti, anupubba-nirodha.
Nirvana == 涅槃
Nirvana is a Sanskrit word which is originally translated as "perfect stillness". It has many other meanings, such as liberation, eternal bliss, tranquil extinction, extinction of individual existence, unconditioned, no rebirth, calm joy, etc. It is usually described as transmigration to "extinction", but the meaning given to "extinction" varies.
There are four kinds of Nirvana:
1.Nirvana of pure, clear self-nature
2.Nirvana with residue
3.Nirvana without residue
4.Nirvana of no dwelling
(Sanskrit= ) Nibba^na (q.v.).
s. patisandhi, paticcasamuppa^da (3,10), karma, punabbhava.
”fading away”, detachment; absence of lust, dispassionateness. Appears frequently together with nirodha, ”cessation” (1) as a name for Nibba^na, (2) in the contemplations (a) forming the 4th tetrad in the exercises in mindfulness of breathing (s. a^na^pa^nasati 14), (b) of the 18 principal insights (No. 5); s. vipassana^.
According to Com., it may mean (1) the momentary destruction of phenomena, or (2) the ultimate ”fading away”, i.e. Nibba^na. In the aforementioned two contemplations, it means the understanding of both, and the path attained by such understanding.
image (during concentration): s. nimitta, sama^dhi, kasina.
s. bha^va.
Parinirvana == 圓寂
Not death, but perfect rest, i.e. the perfection of all virtues and the elimination of all evils.. Also a release from the suffering of transmigration and an entry to a state of fullest joy.
Niepan
佛教教義。又譯作泥日、泥洹、涅槃那。意譯爲滅、滅度、寂滅、安樂、無爲、不生、解脫、圓寂。涅槃原意是火的息滅或風的吹散狀態。佛教産生以前就有這個概念;佛教用以作爲修習所要達到的最高理想境界。含義多種:息除煩惱業因,滅掉生死苦果,生死因果都滅,而人得度,故稱滅或滅度;衆生流轉生死,皆由煩惱業因,若息滅了煩惱業因,則生死苦果自息,名爲寂滅或解脫;永不再受叁界生死輪回,故名不生;惑無不盡,德無不圓,故又稱圓寂;達到安樂無爲,解脫自在的境界,稱爲涅槃。《大乘起信論》稱:“以無明滅故,心無有起;以無起故,境界隨滅;以因緣俱滅故,心相皆盡,名得涅槃。”佛教大小乘對涅槃有不同的說法。一般分有余涅槃和無余涅槃兩種。一個修行者證得阿羅漢果,這時業報之因已盡,但還有業報身心的存在,故稱有余涅槃;及至身心果報也不存在,稱無余涅槃。據《肇論》介紹:小乘以“灰身滅智,捐形絕慮”爲涅槃,是爲有余涅槃;《中論》等則以“諸法實相”爲涅槃,是爲無余涅槃。大乘還分性淨涅槃和方便淨涅槃兩種。本有的法身,名性淨涅槃,即真如法性,亦稱性德涅槃;假六度緣修,本有法身顯現,名方便淨涅槃,亦稱修得涅槃。法相宗綜合了大小乘涅槃學說立四種涅槃:①自性清淨涅槃。雖有客塵煩惱,而自性清淨,湛如虛空;②有余依涅槃。斷盡煩惱障所顯之真如;③無余依涅槃。出生死苦之真如;④無住處涅槃。斷所知障所顯之真如,此依佛的叁身而說,有法身故不住生死,有應化身故不住涅槃,名爲無住涅槃。大乘佛教認爲涅槃具有常樂我淨四種德性或常、恒、安、清涼、不老、不死、無垢、快樂八種德性。(劉峰)