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aviha bhava a^sava Avi^ci favour javana avacara avijja^ craving navanga SRAVAKA vibhava aversion bhavanga avihimsa^ avikkhepa avya^kata behaviour avya^pa^da bhava^sava ka^ma^sava punabbhava therava^da upavica^ra arúpa bhava ka^ma bhava kamma bhava khi^na^sava vavattha^na a^savakkhaya bhava ditthi bhava tanha^ HEAVENLY EYE manopavica^ra 大史(Mahavamsa) 島史(Diqavamsa) 鹿野苑(Mrgadava) 舍衛城(Sravasti) AVALOKITESVARA upapatti bhava vibhava tanha^ avigata paccaya pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina 極樂世界(sukhavati) AVATAMSAKA SUTRA nava satta^va^sa sensuous craving upekkhopavica^ra 叁性(tri-svabhava) bhavanga santa^na eka voka^ra bhava satta^va^sa nava 迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu) catu voka^ra bhava dha^tu vavattha^na domanassupavica^ra somanassúpavica^ra 蓮花生(Padmasambhava) paccavekkhana n~a^na paccavekkhana suddhi pan~ca voka^ra bhava SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA SIX HEAVENS OF DESIRE bhavanga sota^, citta ji^vita navaka kala^pa 超戒寺(Vikramasilavihara) 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) catu dha^tu vavattha^na 不空(Amoghavajra 705-774) 大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra) avoidance and performance 清辨(Bhavaviveka 約490~570) paranimmita vasavatti deva a^di^nava^nupassana^ n~a^na 觀無量壽經(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 大毗婆沙論(Abhidharma-mahavibhasa-sastra) 華嚴經(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 大方等大集經(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) 阿彌陀經(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 李斯·戴維斯,T·W·(Thomas Williams Rhys Davids 1843~1922) ▲ 收起
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南傳佛教英文辭典 【1】avijja^

  ”ignorance,”  nescience,  unknowing;  synonymous  with  delusion  (moha,  s.  múla),  is  the  primary  root  of  all  evil  and  suffering  in  the  world,  veiling  man”s  mental  eyes  and  preventing  him  from  seeing  the  true  nature  of  things.  It  is  the  delusion  tricking  beings  by  making  life  appear  to  them  as  permanent,  happy,  substantial  and  beautiful  and  preventing  them  from  seeing  that  everything  in  reality  is  impermanent,  liable  to  suffering,  void  of  ”I”  and  ”mine”,  and  basically  impure  (s.  vipalla^sa).  Ignorance  is  defined  as  ”not  knowing  the  four  truths,  namely,  suffering,  its  origin,  its  cessation,  and  the  way  to  its  cessation”  (S.  XII,  4).
As  ignorance  is  the  foundation  of  all  life-affirming  actions,  of  all  evil  and  suffering,  therefore  it  stands  first  in  the  formula  of  Dependent  Origination  (paticca-samuppa^da,  q.v.).  But  for  that  reason,  says  Vis.M.  (XVII,  36f)  ignorance  should  not  be  regarded  as  "the  causeless  root-cause  of  the  world  ...  It  is  not  causeless.  For  a  cause  of  it  is  stated  thus  ”With  the  arising  of  cankers  (a^sava,  q.v.)  there  is  the  arising  of  ignorance”  (M.  9).  But  there  is  a  figurative  way  in  which  it  can  be  treated  as  a  root-cause;  namely,  when  it  is  made  to  serve  as  a  starting  point  in  an  exposition  of  the  Round  of  Existence  ...  As  it  is  said:  ”No  first  beginning  of  ignorance  can  be  perceived,  Bhikkhus,  before  which  ignorance  was  not,  and  after  which  it  came  to  be.  But  it  can  be  perceived  that  ignorance  has  its  specific  condition  (idappaccaya)"  (A.  X,  61).  The  same  statement  is  made  (A.  X,  62)  about  the  craving  for  existence  (bhava-tanha^;  s.  tanha^).  The  latter  and  ignorance  are  called  "the  outstanding  causes  of  kamma  that  lead  to  unhappy  and  happy  destinies"  (Vis.M.  XVII,  38).
As  ignorance  still  exists  -  though  in  a  very  refined  way  until  the  attainment  of  Arahatship  or  Holiness,  it  is  counted  as  the  last  of  the  10  fetters  (samyojana,  q.v.)  which  bind  beings  to  the  cycle  of  rebirths.  As  the  first  two  roots  of  evil,  greed  and  hate  (s.  múla),  are  on  their  part  rooted  in  ignorance,  consequently  all  unwholesome  states  of  mind  are  inseparably  bound  up  with  it.  Ignorance  (or  delusion)  is  the  most  obstinate  of  the  three  roots  of  evil.
Ignorance  is  one  of  the  cankers  (a^sava,  q.v.)  and  proclivities  (anusaya,  q.v.).  It  is  often  called  a  hindrance  (ni^varana;  e.g.  in  S.XV,  3;  A.X,  61)  but  does  not  appear  together  with  the  usual  list  of  five  hindrances.

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