..续本文上一页ever profession he is engaged, and he should know it well (utthāna-sampadā); second: he should protect his income, which he has thus earned righteously, with the sweat of his brow (ārakkha-sampadā); (This refers to protecting wealth from thieves, etc. All these ideas should be considered against the background of the period.) third: he should have good friends (kalyāna-mitta) who are faithful, learned, virtuous, liberal and intelligent, who will help him along the right path away from evil; fourth: he should spend reasonably, in proportion to his income, neither too much nor too little, i.e., he should not hoard wealth avariciously, nor should he be extravagant- in other words he should live within his means (samajikatā).

　　佛即告诉他有四件事可使他现生得到快乐。第一：不论他从事那种职业，必须求精求效，诚恳努力，并熟谙其业务。第二：对于以其本身血汗换来的收益，必须善加守护(此处所指的是要将财物妥为收藏，以免为宵小所觊觎等。这些观念必须与当时的时代背景一起考虑。)第三：须亲近忠实、博学、有德、宽大、有智而能协助他远离邪途、走入正道的善知识。第四：用钱必须合理而与收入成比例，不可靡费，亦不可悭吝。意即不可贪心积聚财富，亦不可奢侈挥霍。换言之，应当量入为出。

　　Then the Buddha expounds the four virtues conducive to a layman”s happiness hereafter: (I) Saddhā: he should have faith and confidence in moral, spiritual and intellectual values; (2) Sila: he should abstain from destroying and harming life, from stealing and cheating, from adultery, from falsehood, and from intoxicating drinks; (3) Cāga: he should practice charity, generosity, without attachment and craving for wealth; (4) Paňňā: he should develop wisdom which leads to the complete destruction of suffering, to the realization of Nirvāna. [7]

　　接著，佛又解说四种可以导致在家众身后快乐的德行。(一)信：他应当坚信道德精神与理性的各种价值。(二)戒：他应当克制自己，不毁伤、杀害生物，不偷盗、欺诈，不邪淫，不妄语，不饮酒。(三)施：他应当奉行慈惠，对于财富无所贪著。(四)慧：他应当发展能够导致彻底灭苦、证入涅槃的智慧。［注六］

　　Sometimes the Buddha even went into details about saving money and spending it, as, for instance, when he told the young man Sigāla that he should spend one fourth of his income on his daily expenses, invest half in his business and put aside one fourth for any emergency. [8]

　　有时候，佛甚至于谈到如何用钱、如何储蓄的细则。比方说，他告诉善生童子，应当以他收入的四分之一作为日常费用，把一半投资在事业上，再把四分之一存起来以备急需。［注七］

　　Once the Buddha told Ānāthapindika, the great banker, one of his most devoted lay disciples who founded for him the celebrated Jetavana monastery at Sāvatthi, that a layman, who leads an ordinary family life, has four kinds of happiness. The first happiness is to enjoy economic security or sufficient wealth acquired by just and righteous means (atthi-sukha); the second is spending that wealth liberally on himself, his family, his friends and relatives, and on meritorious deeds (bhoga-sukha); the third to be free from debts (anana-sukha); the fourth happiness is to love a faultless, and a pure life without committing evil in thought, word or deed (anavajja-sukha). It must be noted here that three of these kinds are economic, and that the Buddha finally reminded the banker that economic and material happiness is ”not worth one sixteenth part” of the happiness arising out of a faultless and good life. [9]

　　有一次佛告诉他的一位最忠诚的在家弟子，也就是为佛在舍卫国兴建有名的只园精舍的大富长者给孤独说：过著普通家庭生活的居士，有四种乐趣。第一：能享受以正当方法获得足够的财富与经济上的安全感。第二：能以此财富慷慨的用于自己、家人及亲友身上，并以之作种种善行。第三：无负债之苦。第四：可度清净无过而不造身口意三恶业的生活。此中可注意的是：四项中倒有三项是经济的。可是，最后佛还是提醒那位富翁，物质与经济方面的乐趣，比起由善良无过失的生活所生起的精神乐趣来，尚不及后者的十六分之一。［注八］

　　From the few examples given above, one could see that the Buddha considered economic welfare as requisite for human happiness, but that he did not recognize progress as real and true if it was only material, devoid of a spiritual and moral foundation. While encouraging material progress Buddhism always lays great stress on the development of the moral and spiritual character for a happy, peaceful and contented society.

　　从以上所举几个例子看来，可见佛认为，经济的福利对人生的乐趣是有其必要的。可是，他不承认仅是物质而没有精神与道德基础的进步是真正的进步。佛教虽然鼓励物质方面的进步，但其重心永远是放在精神与道德的开展方面，以谋求快乐、和平而知足的社会。

　　The Buddha was just as clear on politics, on war and peace. It is too well known to be r…

《佛陀的启示 第八章 佛的教诫与今日世界 Chapter VIII· What the Buddha Taught and the World Today》全文未完，请进入下页继续阅读…