..续本文上一页字来表示业的效应。在佛学术语中，“业”字决没有“业的效应”的意思。业的效应，叫做业果或业报。

　　Volition may relatively be good or bad, just as a desire may relatively be good or bad. So karma may be good or bad relatively. Good karma (kusala) produces good effects, and bad karma (akusala) produces bad effects. ”Thirst”, volition, karma, whether good or bad, has one force as its effect: force to continue-to continue in a good or bad direction. Whether good or bad it is relative, and is within the cycle of continuity (samsāra). An Arahant, though he acts, does not accumulate karma, because he is free from the false idea of self, free from the ”thirst” for continuity and becoming, free from all other defilements and impurities (kilesā, sāsavā dhammā). For him there is no rebirth.

　　意志(思)有相对的善或恶，如同欲望有相对的善或恶一样。所以业也有相对的善或恶。善业得善果，恶业得恶果。“渴(爱)”、思、业，无论善恶，其结果都能产生一种力量，一种继续向善的或向恶的方向前进的力量。无论善恶，业果也是相对的，而且是存在于轮回之内的。阿罗汉虽然也有活动与作为，却不造业。因为他没有虚妄我执，没有烦恼不净，他已不受后有。

　　The theory of karma should not be confused with so-called ”moral justice” or ”reward and punishment”. The idea of moral justice, or reward and punishment, arises out of the conception of a supreme being, a God, who sits in judgment, who is a law-giver and who decides what is right and wrong. The term ”justice” is ambiguous and dangerous, and in its name more harm than good is done to humanity. The theory of karma is the theory of cause and effect, of action and reaction; it is a natural law, which has nothing to do with the idea of justice or reward and punishment. Every volitional action produces its effects or results. If a good action produces good effects and a bad action bad effects, it is not justice, or reward, or punishment meted out by anybody or any power sitting in judgment on your action, but this is in virtue of its own nature, its own law. This is not difficult to understand. But what is difficult is that, according to the karma theory, the effects of a volitional action may continue to manifest themselves even in a life after death. Here we have to explain what death is according to Buddhism.

　　业的理论，不可与“道德的正义”或“奖善惩恶”之说混为一谈。奖善惩恶与道德的正义，是以一个最高的主宰——上帝的观念为出发点的。上帝制造法律，君临众生，裁判是非。所谓“正义”一词，意义含混。使用不当，危险甚大。假彼之名以危害人类者，实较造福为多。业的理论，就是因果的理论、动力与反动力的理论。这是自然律，与正义、奖惩的观念毫不相干。每一个有意的行为，一定有它的效应和结果。善业得善果，恶业得恶果。不是正义，不是任何“人”或力量对你的行为加以裁判后所施于你的奖惩，而是因为这些行为的本质如此。这是它们本身的法则。这一点还不难懂。难懂的是：根据“业”的理论，意志行为的效果，即使在人死后，在来生仍能继续呈现。在这里，我们必须依据佛教先解释一下，死倒底是什么？

　　We have seen earlier that a being is nothing but a combination physical and mental forces or energies. What we call death is the total non-functioning of the physical body. Do all these forces and energies stop altogether with the non-functioning of the body

　　 Buddhism says ”No”. Will, volition, desire, thirst to exist, to continue, to become more and more, is a tremendous force that moves whole lives, whole existences, that even moves the whole world. This is the greatest force, the greatest energy in the world. According to Buddhism, this force does not stop with the non-functioning of the body, which is death; but it continues manifesting itself in another form, producing re-existence which is called rebirth.

　　前文曾说明：众生者，不过是肉体与精神力量(能)的综合。我们叫做死的东西，只是身体机能的全部停止而已。这身体机能停止之后，是否这一切的力量与能也全部停顿了呢？佛教说：“不然！”对于生存、持续、繁衍的意志、愿力、欲望与渴爱，是一股极大的力量，大到足以推动整个生命、整个存在、整个世界。这是世界最大的力量、最大的“能”。根据佛教，这力量并不因身体机能的活动停顿——死亡——而止息。它继续以另一形式呈现，而造成称为再生的后有。

　　Now, another question arises: If there is no permanent, unchanging entity or substance like Self or Soul (ātman), what is it that can re-exist or be reborn after death

　　 Before we can go on to life after death, let us consider what this life is, and how it continues now. What we call life, as we have so often repeated, is the combination of the Five Aggregates, a combination of physical and mental energies. These are constantly changing: they do not remain the same for two consecutive moments. Every m…

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