..续本文上一页attacking the Kingdom of the Vajjis.
佛教对政治的看法是，政治家必须具备道德性和负起行使职权的责任。佛陀不鼓励战争，他向全世界传达和平的信息。在这世间根本没有所谓的为和平而战争或杀生。胜利者嗔恚心增长，失败者生活在痛苦中。当一个人舍弃成功和失败后，他获得真正欢愉和平静。佛陀不仅反对战争，还是第一个亲自战场去阻止战争的人。他成功的阻止了释迦族和廓里雅族在罗希泥河(Rohn)的战役。他也成功的说服了阿迦答沙都(Ajàtasattu)国王放弃进攻瓦吉国。
The Buddha discussed the importance and the prerequisites of a good government. He showed how the country could become corrupt, degenerate and unhappy when the head of the government becomes corrupt and unjust. He spoke against corruption and how a government should act based on humanitarian principles.
The Buddha once said, ”When the ruler of a country is just and good, the ministers become just and good; when the ministers are just and good, the higher officials become just and good; when the higher officials are just and good, the rank and file become just and good; when the rank and file become just and good, the people become just and good.” (Anguttara Nikaya)
佛陀分析一个优良政治体系的条件，当一个政府的领导人腐败、堕落时，则整个国家将会变得腐败、堕落和不幸。佛陀最反对贪污，他认为政治家都必须以仁义治国。佛陀说：「当统治者是公正和善良的，首相也一定会公正和善良，当首相公正善良时，所有的大臣也必定公正善良，当大臣们公正善良时，所有的士兵也必定公正善良，当士兵都公正善良时，则全国的百姓都会公正善良。」《增支部》
In the Cakkavatti Sihananda Sutta, the Buddha said that immorality and crime, such as theft, falsehood, violence, hatred, cruelty, could arise from poverty. Kings and governments may try to suppress crime through punishment, but it is futile to eradicate crimes through force.
佛陀说：「不道德的罪行，如：「偷盗、欺骗、暴戾、嗔恚、残忍等，会因贫穷而产生。统治者和政府如果以惩罚或强力的镇压是无法收效的。」《Caaatt Shananda Sutta》
In the Kutadanta Sutta, the Buddha suggested economic development instead of force to reduce crime. The government should use the country”s resources to improve the economic conditions of the country. It could embark on agricultural and rural development, provide financial support to entrepreneurs and business, provide adequate wages for workers to maintain a decent life with human dignity.
佛陀建议：「统治者和政府，与其用压力来取缔罪行，不如发展经济。政府应该以国库的资金来改善国家的经济，用来发展农业、发展耕地、支持人民自己创业、发展商业，让人民有足够的物质维持正常的生活，当人民的道德水平获得提升时，国家就会繁荣与安定」《Kutadanta Sutta》
In the Jataka, the Buddha had given to rules for Good Government, known as ”Dasa Raja Dharma”. These ten rules can be applied even today by any government which wishes to rule the country peacefully. The rules are as follows:
在《达萨王本生经》里，佛陀认为统治者有十种责任，这十种责任可以提供给今天的政治家，让他们有效去治理国家。
be liberal and avoid selfishness,
一、自由和不自私。
maintain a high moral character,
二、道德的提升和维持。
be prepared to sacrifice one”s own pleasure for the well-being of the subjects,
三、为善良的人民牺牲一切。
be honest and maintain absolute integrity,
四、诚实和廉洁。
be kind and gentle,
五、仁爱和宽大。
lead a simple life for the subjects to emulate,
六、简单和淡泊的生活。
be free from hatred of any kind,
七、没有嗔恚心。
exercise non-violence,
八、无暴力。
practise patience, and
九、容忍。
respect public opinion to promote peace and harmony.
十、接受民意，和人民打成一片。
Regarding the behavior of rulers, He further advised:
佛陀针对统治者的行为，再度给予开示：
A good ruler should act impartially and should not be biased and discriminate between one particular group of subjects against another.
一、一个好的统治者，必须公正廉明，不可厚此薄彼。
A good ruler should not harbor any form of hatred against any of his subjects.
二、一个好的统治者，不可对人民记恨或嗔恚。
A good ruler should show no fear whatsoever in the enforcement of the law, if it is justifiable.
三、一个好的统治者，在执行正确的法制时，不应该害怕人民反对。
A good ruler must possess a clear understanding of the law to be enforced. It should not be enforced just because the ruler has the authority to enforce the law. It must be done in a reasonable manner and with common sense.
四、一个好的统治者，必须清楚的了解一切律法。不可以滥用权力，必须应用智慧和合理的途径。
(Cakkavatti Sihananda Sutta)
In the Milinda Panha,it is stated: ”If a man, who is unfit, incompetent, immoral, improper, unable and unworthy of kingship, has enthroned himself a king or a ruler with great authority, he is sub…
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