..续本文上一页, W. S. Wily, once said, ”The existence of the immortal in man is becoming increasingly discredited under the influence of the dominant schools of modern thought.” The belief in the immortality of the soul is a dogma that is contradicted by the most solid, empirical truth.

　　一位杰出的作家 W.S.维利说过：「在现代思想的主要学派中，人类不灭灵魂的存在已经受到怀疑了。」灵魂不灭的信念，是教条主义，它抵触了可被证实的真理。

　　The mere belief in an immortal soul, or the conviction that something in us survives death, does not make us immortal unless we know what it is that survives and that we are capable of identifying ourselves with it. Most human beings choose death instead of immortality by identifying themselves with that which is perishable and impermanent by clinging stubbornly to the body or the momentary elements of the present personality, which they mistake for the soul or the essential form of life.

　　灵魂不灭的信仰，相信在我们死后还有某些东西存在。可是这存在物到底能不能令我们永恒的存在？除非，我们有能力知道那存在物到底是什么？并且，我们还要证明我们到底是不是存在于那存在物里面？可是，大多数人宁可相信死后有不灭的灵魂的存在，他们顽强的执着与攀缘于肉体或人性的某些因缘假合的东西，并错误的认为灵魂是生命的基本形式。

　　About those researches of modern scientists who are now more inclined to assert that the so-called ”Soul” is no more than a bundle of sensations, emotions, sentiments, all relating to the physical experiences, Prof. James says that the term ”Soul” is a mere figure of speech to which no reality corresponds.

　　It is the same Anatta doctrine of the Buddha that was introduced in the Mahayana school of Buddhism as Sunyata or voidness. Although this concept was elaborated by a great Mahayana scholar, Nagarjuna, by giving various interpretations, there is no extraordinary concept in Sunyata far different from the Buddha”s original doctrine of Anatta.

　　现代科学家通过研究后，对所谓“灵魂”描述如下：「灵魂只不过是一些感知、感受的情绪，与生理的经验互相作用的关系。」詹姆斯教授说：「灵魂这名词，最多是代表语言的一种图象，并不反应任何事实。」佛陀的「无我论」在大乘佛教里，称为「空性」或「空义」。这观念是由大乘著名学者龙树(Nagarjuna)大士提出的。但是「空性」(Sunyata)并非有别于「无我」，也不见得比佛陀原始的教义「无我论」 来得高明。

　　The belief in soul or Self and the Creator God, is so strongly rooted in the minds of many people that they cannot imagine why the Buddha did not accept these two issues which are indispensable to many religions. In fact some people got a shock or became nervous and tried to show their emotion when they heard that the Buddha rejected these two concepts. That is the main reason why to many unbiased scholars and psychologists Buddhism stands unique when compared to all the other religions. At the same time, some other scholars who appreciate the various other aspects of Buddhism thought that Buddhism would be enriched by deliberately re-interpreting the Buddha word ”Atta” in order to introduce the concept of Soul and Self into Buddhism. The Buddha was aware of this unsatisfactoriness of man and the conceptual upheaval regarding this belief.

　　All conditioned things are impermanent, All conditioned things are Dukka

　　 Suffering, All conditioned or unconditioned things are soulless or selfless. (Dhammapada 277, 278, 279) There is a parable in our Buddhist texts with regard to the belief in an eternal soul. A man, who mistook a moving rope for a snake, became terrified by that fear in his mind. Upon discovery that it was only a piece of rope, his fear subsided and his mind became peaceful. The belief in an eternal soul is equated to the rope

　　 man”s imagination.

　　相信灵魂、自我或造物者的存在，已成为一般的的想法。佛陀为何不接受这种多数宗教都认为绝对必要的说法？事实，当许多外道得知佛陀拒绝这种观念时，感到十分的惊讶。但是，很多对佛教存有偏见的学者或心理学家，在深入的研究和比较后，都与佛教站在同一立场。也有一些学者，他们固然非常欣赏佛教，可是却企图将灵魂或自我的观念推荐给佛教，曲解了「无我论」，以为这样就可以把佛教发扬光大。可是，佛陀早就觉察到，这种思想是一种邪见，对人性的提升一点帮助也没有。

　　一切行无常。

　　一切受是苦。

　　一切法无我。

　　《法句经》V227、228、229

　　在佛经里，有一则关于灵魂的寓言故事：「有如把一条动着的绳子当作是一条蛇，因此内心产生了不必要的恐惧，当他发现那是绳子时，那种恐惧就完全消失了。」相信不灭的灵魂，就好比那个人对绳子产生的错觉──其实，只不过是个人心中的想像罢了。

《无我论 Anatta: The Teaching of No-Soul》全文阅读结束。