..续本文上一页re the issue must be settled by a formal motion stated once, twice, or four times, giving all the monks present the opportunity to object to the motion before it is carried.

　　Attha: Meaning, sense, aim, result.

　　Avijja: Unawareness; counterfeit knowledge.

　　Ayatana: Sense medium. The six inner sense media are the eye, ear, nose, tongue, body and intellect. The six outer sense media are their respective objects.

　　Bhagavant: An epithet for the Buddha, commonly translated as "Blessed One" or "Exalted One." Some commentators, though, have traced the word etymologically to the Pali root meaning "to pide" and, by extension, "to analyze," and so translate it as "Analyst."

　　Dhamma: Event; phenomenon; the way things are in and of themselves; their inherent qualities; the basic principles underlying their behavior. Also, principles of behavior that human beings should follow so as to fit in with the right natural order of things; qualities of mind they should develop so as to realize the inherent quality of the mind in and of itself. By extension, "dhamma" is used also to refer to any doctrine that teaches such things. Thus the Dhamma of the Buddha refers both to his teachings and to the direct experience of the quality of nibbana at which those teachings are aimed.

　　Dhatu: Element; property; the elementary properties that make up the inner sense of the body and mind: earth (solidity), water (liquidity), fire (heat), wind (energy or motion), space and cognizance.

　　Jhana: Meditative absorption in a single object, notion or sensation.

　　Kamma: Acts of intention that result in states of being and birth. "Kamma debts" are the moral debts one has to others either through having been a burden to them (the primary example being one”s debt to one”s parents) or from having wronged them.

　　Khandha: Component parts of sensory perception: rupa (sense data, appearances); vedana (feelings of pleasure, pain or indifference); sañña (labels, concepts, allusions); sankhara (mental constructs or fabrications); and viññana (cognizance, the act of attention that "spotlights" objects so as to know them distinctly and pass judgment on them).

　　Magga: The path to the cessation of suffering and stress. The four transcendent paths — or rather, one path with four levels of refinement — are the path to stream-entry (entering the stream to nibbana, which ensures that one will be reborn at most only seven more times), the path to once-returning, the path to non-returning and the path to arahantship. Phala — fruition — refers to the mental state immediately following the attainment of any of these paths.

　　Mala: Stains on the character, traditionally listed as nine: anger, hypocrisy, envy, stinginess, deceit, treachery, lying, evil desires and wrong views.

　　Nibbana (Nirvana): Liberation; the unbinding of the mind from greed, anger and delusion, from physical sensations and mental acts. As this term is used to refer also to the extinguishing of fire, it carries connotations of stilling, cooling and peace. (According to the physics taught at the time of the Buddha, the property of fire exists in a latent state to a greater or lesser degree in all objects. When activated, it clings and is bound to its fuel. As long as it remains latent or is extinguished, it is "unbound.")

　　Patimokkha: The basic monastic code, composed of 227 training rules.

　　Puñña: Inner worth; merit; the inner sense of well-being that comes from having acted rightly or well, and that enables one to continue acting well.

　　Puññakkhetta: Field of merit — an epithet for the Sangha.

　　Sangha: The community of the Buddha”s disciples. On the ideal level, this refers to all those, whether lay or ordained, who have reached at least the path to stream-entry (see magga). On the conventional level, it refers to the Buddhist monkhood. In Thai, it also refers to the central administration of the Thai monkhood and to any inpidual monk. Traditionally, Sangha does NOT refer to all Buddhists. The traditional term for the entire "assembly" of the Buddha”s followers — ordained or not, awakened or not — is buddha-parisa. The reason for this distinction is that Sangha is one of a Buddhist”s three refuges, and not all members of the buddha-parisa can be taken as refuge.

　　Sankhara: Fashioning — the forces that fashion things, the process of fashioning, and the fashioned things — mental or physical — that result. In some contexts this term refers specifically to the fashioning of thoughts in the mind. In others, it refers to all five khandhas (see above).

　　Vinaya: The monastic discipline. The Buddha”s own name for the religion he founded was "this Dhamma-Vinaya," this doctrine and discipline.

　　If anything in this translation is inaccurate or misleading, I ask forgiveness of the author and reader for having unwittingly stood in their way. As for whatever may be accurate, I hope the reader will make the best use of it, translating it a few steps further, into the heart, so as to attain the truth at which it points.

　　— The translator

　　Sabbe satta sada hontu

　　avera sukha-jivino

　　katam puñña-phalam mayham

　　sabbe bhagi bhavantu te

　　May all beings always live happily,

　　free from animosity.

　　May all share in the blessings

　　springing from the good I have done.

《Duties of the Sangha》全文阅读结束。