..續本文上一頁tice of dynamic meditation. Most of them have more or less the same meaning as the standard translations of Pali. However, a number of them, such as kilesa (“stickiness”) and tanha (“heaviness”) were used more freely by him. According to the standard translations, kilesa means “defilements”, whereas tanha means “lust” or “passion”.

　　◎[13]隆波田自由地運用巴利語詞來爲自己修學動中禅的各種體驗命名或定義。它們和標准巴利語翻譯多少有些相同的意義。然而其中有一些隆波田則更自由地加以運用，像是 kilesa("固著") 和 tanha("沈重") 。依照標准翻譯，kilesa 意指 "染汙"，而 tanha 是指"欲愛" 或 "情愛"。

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　　In contemporary Thai Buddhism, there are a number of traditions and teachers who have taught various methods of Buddhist practice. Some emphasize the acquiring of panna (wisdom) and the study of the Pali Canon, the Tipitaka. Others emphasize the keeping of sila (“precepts”) and ethical purity. Still others emphasize the practice of samadhi (“meditation”). Panna, sila, and samadhi are the three basic components of Theravada Buddhism”s teachings.[14]

　　◎在當代泰國佛教方面，有很多傳統的導師他們教導各種不同的佛教修行方法。

　　一、有一些強調獲得智能和研究巴利叁藏聖典。

　　二、有一些則強調持戒清淨。

　　叁、也有一些強調修定。

　　戒定慧是原始佛法教導的叁個基本要素。[14]

　　Buddhadasa Bhikkhu represents the panna aspect of the Thai Theravada tradition.[15] He, as a great reformist monk in contemporary Thai Buddhism, has rationalized and internalized the teachings from the Tipitaka and Thai Theravada culture as a whole. In elevating oneself towards nibbana (cessation of suffering), a practitioner acquires panna through studying the scriptures, reading and listening to the Dhamma teachings, observing nature (“Dhamma is nature, nature is Dhamma”), living a properly conducted life, as well as practicing anapanasati (awareness of breathing). Anapanasati is a meditation technique referred to in the Pali Canon; it concentrates on the various ways of breathing (samatha) and, in later stages, uses concentration to contemplate the nature of things (vipassana).

　　◎ 一、佛使比丘代表泰國原始佛教系統裏重智能的一派。[15]他是當代泰國佛教中一位偉大的改革派僧侶，並全面促使巴利叁藏和泰國原始佛教文化的教導合理化及內在化。在提升自己趣向涅槃(苦的止息)方面，修行人透過研究聖典、閱讀及聽聞正法教導、觀察自然("法是自然，自然是法")、過著適當地生活以及練習出入息念(覺知呼吸)以獲得智慧。出入息念是巴利語聖典中提到的禅修技巧，主要是專注于呼吸的各種不同狀態(奢摩他，止禅)，然後進一步運用專注力來觀照事物的本質(毘婆舍那，觀禅)。

　　Phra Bodhiraksa and his Santi Asoka movement represent the ethical dimension of contemporary Thai Buddhism. Judging from his standards, most monks within the Thai Sangha (or community of monks) are far below the level of purity of the sila set by the Buddha. Phra Bodhiraksa criticizes the lax behaviour, superstitions, and materialism of most monks and the self-indulgence, corruption, and violence of Thai society. He puts the reformist rationality into practice on the institutional and organizational level by announcing independence from the Thai clerical hierarchy, which makes his movement radical within the Thai Sangha. He and his followers observe a very strict vinaya (discipline) by being vegetarian, eating only one meal a day, wearing no shoes, and living a very simple life. For Phra Bodhiraksa, sila and ethical purity are central on the path towards enlightenment.

　　◎ 二、菩提樂尊者(Phra Bodhiraksa)和他的聖提阿育王寺運動代表當代泰國佛教重持戒的一派。由他的標准看來，泰國僧團裏的大多數僧侶持戒都遠低于佛陀所製定戒律的標准。菩提樂尊者批評大多數僧侶松弛的行爲、迷信、流于物質以及泰國社會的放縱、腐化和暴力。他力促各機構、組織宣布獨立于泰國法師之外，將合理改革在各機構、組織內付之實踐，這也使得他成爲泰國僧團裏的激進改革派。他和弟子們持守非常嚴謹的戒律(紀律)，他們吃素、日中一食、, 打赤腳，並且過著, 非常簡單的生活。對菩提樂尊者來說，戒律和道德的清淨是覺悟之路的核心。

　　There are at least three main traditions that represent the samadhi aspect of contemporary Thai Theravada Buddhism: Achan Man”s tradition, the Yup-no Phong-no tradition, and the Dhammakaya movement.

　　◎ 叁、至于修定方面，當代泰國原始佛教裏至少有叁個主要的系統：(1)阿姜曼系統，(2)Yup-no Phong-no系統，和(3)Dhammakaya動作禅。

　　Achan Man and his lineage, including Achan Cha, have been regarded as one of the strongest meditation traditions among the forest monasteries (arannavasi) in Northeastern Thailand.[16] They observe, with the exception of Achan Cha, a very strict traditional Dhammayu…

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