..续本文上一页tice of dynamic meditation. Most of them have more or less the same meaning as the standard translations of Pali. However, a number of them, such as kilesa (“stickiness”) and tanha (“heaviness”) were used more freely by him. According to the standard translations, kilesa means “defilements”, whereas tanha means “lust” or “passion”.

　　◎[13]隆波田自由地运用巴利语词来为自己修学动中禅的各种体验命名或定义。它们和标准巴利语翻译多少有些相同的意义。然而其中有一些隆波田则更自由地加以运用，像是 kilesa("固着") 和 tanha("沉重") 。依照标准翻译，kilesa 意指 "染污"，而 tanha 是指"欲爱" 或 "情爱"。

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　　In contemporary Thai Buddhism, there are a number of traditions and teachers who have taught various methods of Buddhist practice. Some emphasize the acquiring of panna (wisdom) and the study of the Pali Canon, the Tipitaka. Others emphasize the keeping of sila (“precepts”) and ethical purity. Still others emphasize the practice of samadhi (“meditation”). Panna, sila, and samadhi are the three basic components of Theravada Buddhism”s teachings.[14]

　　◎在当代泰国佛教方面，有很多传统的导师他们教导各种不同的佛教修行方法。

　　一、有一些强调获得智能和研究巴利三藏圣典。

　　二、有一些则强调持戒清净。

　　三、也有一些强调修定。

　　戒定慧是原始佛法教导的三个基本要素。[14]

　　Buddhadasa Bhikkhu represents the panna aspect of the Thai Theravada tradition.[15] He, as a great reformist monk in contemporary Thai Buddhism, has rationalized and internalized the teachings from the Tipitaka and Thai Theravada culture as a whole. In elevating oneself towards nibbana (cessation of suffering), a practitioner acquires panna through studying the scriptures, reading and listening to the Dhamma teachings, observing nature (“Dhamma is nature, nature is Dhamma”), living a properly conducted life, as well as practicing anapanasati (awareness of breathing). Anapanasati is a meditation technique referred to in the Pali Canon; it concentrates on the various ways of breathing (samatha) and, in later stages, uses concentration to contemplate the nature of things (vipassana).

　　◎ 一、佛使比丘代表泰国原始佛教系统里重智能的一派。[15]他是当代泰国佛教中一位伟大的改革派僧侣，并全面促使巴利三藏和泰国原始佛教文化的教导合理化及内在化。在提升自己趣向涅槃(苦的止息)方面，修行人透过研究圣典、阅读及听闻正法教导、观察自然("法是自然，自然是法")、过着适当地生活以及练习出入息念(觉知呼吸)以获得智慧。出入息念是巴利语圣典中提到的禅修技巧，主要是专注于呼吸的各种不同状态(奢摩他，止禅)，然后进一步运用专注力来观照事物的本质(毘婆舍那，观禅)。

　　Phra Bodhiraksa and his Santi Asoka movement represent the ethical dimension of contemporary Thai Buddhism. Judging from his standards, most monks within the Thai Sangha (or community of monks) are far below the level of purity of the sila set by the Buddha. Phra Bodhiraksa criticizes the lax behaviour, superstitions, and materialism of most monks and the self-indulgence, corruption, and violence of Thai society. He puts the reformist rationality into practice on the institutional and organizational level by announcing independence from the Thai clerical hierarchy, which makes his movement radical within the Thai Sangha. He and his followers observe a very strict vinaya (discipline) by being vegetarian, eating only one meal a day, wearing no shoes, and living a very simple life. For Phra Bodhiraksa, sila and ethical purity are central on the path towards enlightenment.

　　◎ 二、菩提乐尊者(Phra Bodhiraksa)和他的圣提阿育王寺运动代表当代泰国佛教重持戒的一派。由他的标准看来，泰国僧团里的大多数僧侣持戒都远低于佛陀所制定戒律的标准。菩提乐尊者批评大多数僧侣松弛的行为、迷信、流于物质以及泰国社会的放纵、腐化和暴力。他力促各机构、组织宣布独立于泰国法师之外，将合理改革在各机构、组织内付之实践，这也使得他成为泰国僧团里的激进改革派。他和弟子们持守非常严谨的戒律(纪律)，他们吃素、日中一食、, 打赤脚，并且过着, 非常简单的生活。对菩提乐尊者来说，戒律和道德的清净是觉悟之路的核心。

　　There are at least three main traditions that represent the samadhi aspect of contemporary Thai Theravada Buddhism: Achan Man”s tradition, the Yup-no Phong-no tradition, and the Dhammakaya movement.

　　◎ 三、至于修定方面，当代泰国原始佛教里至少有三个主要的系统：(1)阿姜曼系统，(2)Yup-no Phong-no系统，和(3)Dhammakaya动作禅。

　　Achan Man and his lineage, including Achan Cha, have been regarded as one of the strongest meditation traditions among the forest monasteries (arannavasi) in Northeastern Thailand.[16] They observe, with the exception of Achan Cha, a very strict traditional Dhammayu…

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