..續本文上一頁太陽則有幾分鍾，更不用說所觀察到的星系的信息已經是幾億年了。因爲光速造成的延遲，天文學家在太陽系研究中應該被稱爲“天體學記者”而在其他部分宇宙的研究中則應該成爲“曆史學家”。
In twenty-first-century astronomy, historical accounts of the universe are the most we can ever hope for. In the introspective study of the mind, there are certainly many mental phenomena, such as emotions, that may be “observed” only retrospectively by way of memory. But there are many other mental phenomena, such as mental chit-chat, deliberately induced mental images, and dreamscapes, that are observed in real time. Arguably, the introspective observations of mental events as they occur are the only truly “real-time” accounts available to us. For even the visual and auditory perceptions of nearby colors and sounds are slightly delayed due to the speeds of light and sound.
在二十一世紀的天文學中，我們能希望得到的也僅僅是曆史記錄。在對于心的內省研究中，有些精神現象如情緒只能靠記憶進行內省研究，但其他的精神現象，如內心的自身自言自語、有目的引入的精神圖像、夢境等，其觀察則是實時的。或者說，內省的觀察只有對我們來說是“實時的”，對于周邊顔色聲音的觀察則因爲光速聲速的原因是有延遲的。
Kant further argued that there could be no true science of the mind based on introspection since the observed mental phenomena are altered and transformed by the very act of observation.1 Niels Bohr was among the first physicists to note the observer participancy parallel between examining mental phenomena and examining quantum processes. In quantum measurement, the act of observation invariably alters the observed phenomena, but that has not prevented quantum mechanics from becoming the most successful physical theory in the history of science.
In many experiments, it has been demonstrated that objects do not exist in a well-defined way prior to the act of measurement. For example, when single photons are emitted by a source so low in intensity that the probability of the simultaneous arrival of more than one photon at the detector is negligible, it is possible to count the number of detector actuations and thereby find the number of arriving photons. But it turns out that a light field cannot be represented as a collection of a definite number of photons, for the number of photons in it is not defined prior to the instant of measurement!
康德進一步論述到，另外一個內省觀察不能成爲一門科學的原因是由于被觀察的的心智現象會被觀察這個行動所改變。波爾(Niels Bohr)是首批科學家中的一位，他們確認觀察者的加入在心智現象和觀察和量子測量方面都是會對觀測結果造成影響的，但這並沒有阻礙量子力學成爲科學史上最成功的一種物理理論。衆多的實驗表明，在測量之前，物體並沒有一個完全與定義好的特性，例如，如果一個光子從強度極弱的光源發出，兩個光子以上同時到達檢測器的可能性幾乎沒有，這樣就可以看一下收到光子的檢測器的數量，但實際上，光場不能被確定數量的光子所表示，原因是在測量之前光子的數量並沒有被定義好。
Moreover, the extent to which mental events are altered and transformed by the very act of observation is variable. One testable hypothesis is that with training, one may observe mental phenomena more and more “objectively,” so as to exert less and less influence on what is being observed. This may occur in the dream state as well as the waking state. For example, one may observe events in a lucid dream (in which dreamers are aware that they are dreaming) without overtly altering them. Of course, there is still observer participancy, so the comparison with quantum mechanics is an excellent one, but in neither case does this imply that the objects being observed are mere artifacts of the method of observation.
Among cognitive scientists, William James took the bold step of emphasizing the primacy of introspection for the scientific study of the mind, 3 and among philosophers, Edmund Husserl made a worthy attempt at developing a phenomenology of consciousness with his method of “bracketing” consciousness from its object. 4 But twentieth-century philosophers have continued to raise serious questions about the possibility, let alone the efficacy, of developing a science of the mind based on the direct observation of mental phenomena.
進一步說，精神的事件被觀測的動作影響的程度並不固定不變，一個可以驗證的假設就是通過訓練，一個人可以越來越客“客觀的”觀察精神現象，即越來越少的影響被觀察的對象。這種情況既可能出現在夢境，也可能出現在走路的時候，當然，觀察者的參與仍然是存在的，所以與量子力學做對比再恰當不過了，在這兩種情形下，都不能假設觀察對象僅僅是觀察方法産生的工件。在認知…
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