..续本文上一页太阳则有几分钟，更不用说所观察到的星系的信息已经是几亿年了。因为光速造成的延迟，天文学家在太阳系研究中应该被称为“天体学记者”而在其他部分宇宙的研究中则应该成为“历史学家”。
In twenty-first-century astronomy, historical accounts of the universe are the most we can ever hope for. In the introspective study of the mind, there are certainly many mental phenomena, such as emotions, that may be “observed” only retrospectively by way of memory. But there are many other mental phenomena, such as mental chit-chat, deliberately induced mental images, and dreamscapes, that are observed in real time. Arguably, the introspective observations of mental events as they occur are the only truly “real-time” accounts available to us. For even the visual and auditory perceptions of nearby colors and sounds are slightly delayed due to the speeds of light and sound.
在二十一世纪的天文学中，我们能希望得到的也仅仅是历史记录。在对于心的内省研究中，有些精神现象如情绪只能靠记忆进行内省研究，但其他的精神现象，如内心的自身自言自语、有目的引入的精神图像、梦境等，其观察则是实时的。或者说，内省的观察只有对我们来说是“实时的”，对于周边颜色声音的观察则因为光速声速的原因是有延迟的。
Kant further argued that there could be no true science of the mind based on introspection since the observed mental phenomena are altered and transformed by the very act of observation.1 Niels Bohr was among the first physicists to note the observer participancy parallel between examining mental phenomena and examining quantum processes. In quantum measurement, the act of observation invariably alters the observed phenomena, but that has not prevented quantum mechanics from becoming the most successful physical theory in the history of science.
In many experiments, it has been demonstrated that objects do not exist in a well-defined way prior to the act of measurement. For example, when single photons are emitted by a source so low in intensity that the probability of the simultaneous arrival of more than one photon at the detector is negligible, it is possible to count the number of detector actuations and thereby find the number of arriving photons. But it turns out that a light field cannot be represented as a collection of a definite number of photons, for the number of photons in it is not defined prior to the instant of measurement!
康德进一步论述到，另外一个内省观察不能成为一门科学的原因是由于被观察的的心智现象会被观察这个行动所改变。波尔(Niels Bohr)是首批科学家中的一位，他们确认观察者的加入在心智现象和观察和量子测量方面都是会对观测结果造成影响的，但这并没有阻碍量子力学成为科学史上最成功的一种物理理论。众多的实验表明，在测量之前，物体并没有一个完全与定义好的特性，例如，如果一个光子从强度极弱的光源发出，两个光子以上同时到达检测器的可能性几乎没有，这样就可以看一下收到光子的检测器的数量，但实际上，光场不能被确定数量的光子所表示，原因是在测量之前光子的数量并没有被定义好。
Moreover, the extent to which mental events are altered and transformed by the very act of observation is variable. One testable hypothesis is that with training, one may observe mental phenomena more and more “objectively,” so as to exert less and less influence on what is being observed. This may occur in the dream state as well as the waking state. For example, one may observe events in a lucid dream (in which dreamers are aware that they are dreaming) without overtly altering them. Of course, there is still observer participancy, so the comparison with quantum mechanics is an excellent one, but in neither case does this imply that the objects being observed are mere artifacts of the method of observation.
Among cognitive scientists, William James took the bold step of emphasizing the primacy of introspection for the scientific study of the mind, 3 and among philosophers, Edmund Husserl made a worthy attempt at developing a phenomenology of consciousness with his method of “bracketing” consciousness from its object. 4 But twentieth-century philosophers have continued to raise serious questions about the possibility, let alone the efficacy, of developing a science of the mind based on the direct observation of mental phenomena.
进一步说，精神的事件被观测的动作影响的程度并不固定不变，一个可以验证的假设就是通过训练，一个人可以越来越客“客观的”观察精神现象，即越来越少的影响被观察的对象。这种情况既可能出现在梦境，也可能出现在走路的时候，当然，观察者的参与仍然是存在的，所以与量子力学做对比再恰当不过了，在这两种情形下，都不能假设观察对象仅仅是观察方法产生的工件。在认知…
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