試論絕對的真理

　　Discussions on the Absolute Truth

　　嶽興華 文

　　By Yue Xinhuai

　　對宇宙本原的形成

　　The Composition of the Basic Substance of the Universe

　　古希臘、羅馬的「原子論」，其主要倡導者泰勒斯、留基伯、德谟克利特、 伊壁鸠魯和盧克來修等自然哲學家，提出了「原子論」，試圖闡明宇宙間形形色色的自然現象。內容是一種或多種微小的實體叫做「原子」(希臘文原義不可分 割)，這些原子在空中運動著，並可按著不同的方式，各種互相結合或重新分配，而宇宙間的一切現象，就可以通過這些原子的性質和運動來加以說明。

　　The ancient Greek and Roman atomic theory was mainly advanced by natural philosophers such as Thales, Leucippus, Democritus, Epicurus, and Lucretius. Atomism was an attempt to explain various natural phenomena in the universe. This theory postulated that there are one or more kinds of minute solid particles called atoms (from “a-tomos,” which means inpisible or uncuttable in Greek). These atoms orbit in space, and different patterns of combination or arrangements of atoms are possible. All phenomena in the universe can be explained based on the nature and motion of atoms.

　　米利都學派創始人泰勒斯提出，水是萬物的本源，到赫拉克利特的水、氣、土、 火四大元素學說。

　　Thales, the funder of the Miletus school, proposed that water is the source of the myriad things, while Heraclitus maintained that fire was the origin of all phenomena. Empedocles propounded the theory of the four major elements or “roots”, the four being water, air, earth and fire.

　　中國戰國時期驺衍的「五行學說」，都是早期關于構成物質的推測。

　　The theory of the five elements proposed by Zou Yan during the Warring States period (403-222 b.c.) in China was yet another early theory concerning the composition of matter.

　　德谟克利特或留基伯想象物質由不可能再分割的粒子組成(即早期的原子)，並 認爲不同物質的「原子」構成。

　　Democritus and Leucippus in ancient Greece jointly formulated the atomic theory that matter is formed from inpisible particles (i.e. atoms). Matter was thought to be comprised of atoms of different elements.

　　一六五八年，伽桑迪考察了「原子觀點」的論斷，進而假設物質的原子可以在空 間各方向不停的運動。據此他解釋了一些物理現象，例如說明物質的液態、氣態、固態叁種狀態的轉變。

　　In the mid-seventeenth century Pierre Gassendi investigated this proposition from the point of view of atoms and further postulated that atoms of matter exhibit random motion in space. Based on this, certain physical phenomena such as the various states of matter—i.e. liquid, gaseous, and solid states—and the conversions occurring between them could now be explained.

　　十七世紀，法國哲學家笛卡兒「以太論」他說，看來物體之間所有用力，都必須 通過某種中間媒介物質傳遞，因此空間不可能是空無所有的，它被「以太」所充滿，不能爲人的感官所感覺，但確能傳遞力的作用，和月球對潮汐的作用力。真空 「並不是沒有物質的空間」，量子場(即基態)就是真空，真空名詞本義就是虛空。

　　Also in the seventeenth century, the French philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650) stated in his treatise A Theory of Ether that the mutually applying forces between objects need an intermediate medium of transmission. He claimed that space is not emptiness without any substance, but that it is filled up with ether. Ether serves as the medium for transmitting forces, even thought it cannot be perceived by human sense organs. Ether also transmits the moon”s effect on the earth”s tidal patterns. A vacuum is not an empty space without any substance. Vacuity refers to the quantum field (the ground state) and denotes empty space.

　　中國古代張載、王夫之的「元氣」學說，相反地認爲世界萬物皆由「元氣」形 成，而陰陽二氣充滿太虛。

　　The theory of primal energy (in Chinese, yuan qi) as proposed by ancient Chinese philosophers Zhang Zai and Wang Fuzhi, suggested that the myriad things in the world come from primal energy, and that empty space is filled up with both the yin and yang energies.

　　英國物理學家牛頓，依據真空觀察系(絕對空間)製訂「萬有引力」，愛因斯坦 在用場的觀點上研究引力之後，便意識到「真空即空」的空間，這一觀念有問題，《狹義相對論》指出，光和電磁場本身就是一種物質可在空間傳播，又否定了「以 太」存在。萬有引力的失實、相對論的成功，說明沒有絕對真空。

　　Based on his observation of vacuums (absolute empty space) the English physicist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) formulated tha theory of gravity. Albert Einstein carried out research on quantum fields, and challenged the validity of the concept of empty space; he recognized that vacuity does not mean mere emptiness. In his treatise on the special relativity theory, Einstein showed that light and electromagnetic fields a…

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