试论绝对的真理

　　Discussions on the Absolute Truth

　　岳兴华 文

　　By Yue Xinhuai

　　对宇宙本原的形成

　　The Composition of the Basic Substance of the Universe

　　古希腊、罗马的「原子论」，其主要倡导者泰勒斯、留基伯、德谟克利特、 伊壁鸠鲁和卢克来修等自然哲学家，提出了「原子论」，试图阐明宇宙间形形色色的自然现象。内容是一种或多种微小的实体叫做「原子」(希腊文原义不可分 割)，这些原子在空中运动着，并可按着不同的方式，各种互相结合或重新分配，而宇宙间的一切现象，就可以通过这些原子的性质和运动来加以说明。

　　The ancient Greek and Roman atomic theory was mainly advanced by natural philosophers such as Thales, Leucippus, Democritus, Epicurus, and Lucretius. Atomism was an attempt to explain various natural phenomena in the universe. This theory postulated that there are one or more kinds of minute solid particles called atoms (from “a-tomos,” which means inpisible or uncuttable in Greek). These atoms orbit in space, and different patterns of combination or arrangements of atoms are possible. All phenomena in the universe can be explained based on the nature and motion of atoms.

　　米利都学派创始人泰勒斯提出，水是万物的本源，到赫拉克利特的水、气、土、 火四大元素学说。

　　Thales, the funder of the Miletus school, proposed that water is the source of the myriad things, while Heraclitus maintained that fire was the origin of all phenomena. Empedocles propounded the theory of the four major elements or “roots”, the four being water, air, earth and fire.

　　中国战国时期驺衍的「五行学说」，都是早期关于构成物质的推测。

　　The theory of the five elements proposed by Zou Yan during the Warring States period (403-222 b.c.) in China was yet another early theory concerning the composition of matter.

　　德谟克利特或留基伯想象物质由不可能再分割的粒子组成(即早期的原子)，并 认为不同物质的「原子」构成。

　　Democritus and Leucippus in ancient Greece jointly formulated the atomic theory that matter is formed from inpisible particles (i.e. atoms). Matter was thought to be comprised of atoms of different elements.

　　一六五八年，伽桑迪考察了「原子观点」的论断，进而假设物质的原子可以在空 间各方向不停的运动。据此他解释了一些物理现象，例如说明物质的液态、气态、固态三种状态的转变。

　　In the mid-seventeenth century Pierre Gassendi investigated this proposition from the point of view of atoms and further postulated that atoms of matter exhibit random motion in space. Based on this, certain physical phenomena such as the various states of matter—i.e. liquid, gaseous, and solid states—and the conversions occurring between them could now be explained.

　　十七世纪，法国哲学家笛卡儿「以太论」他说，看来物体之间所有用力，都必须 通过某种中间媒介物质传递，因此空间不可能是空无所有的，它被「以太」所充满，不能为人的感官所感觉，但确能传递力的作用，和月球对潮汐的作用力。真空 「并不是没有物质的空间」，量子场(即基态)就是真空，真空名词本义就是虚空。

　　Also in the seventeenth century, the French philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650) stated in his treatise A Theory of Ether that the mutually applying forces between objects need an intermediate medium of transmission. He claimed that space is not emptiness without any substance, but that it is filled up with ether. Ether serves as the medium for transmitting forces, even thought it cannot be perceived by human sense organs. Ether also transmits the moon”s effect on the earth”s tidal patterns. A vacuum is not an empty space without any substance. Vacuity refers to the quantum field (the ground state) and denotes empty space.

　　中国古代张载、王夫之的「元气」学说，相反地认为世界万物皆由「元气」形 成，而阴阳二气充满太虚。

　　The theory of primal energy (in Chinese, yuan qi) as proposed by ancient Chinese philosophers Zhang Zai and Wang Fuzhi, suggested that the myriad things in the world come from primal energy, and that empty space is filled up with both the yin and yang energies.

　　英国物理学家牛顿，依据真空观察系(绝对空间)制订「万有引力」，爱因斯坦 在用场的观点上研究引力之后，便意识到「真空即空」的空间，这一观念有问题，《狭义相对论》指出，光和电磁场本身就是一种物质可在空间传播，又否定了「以 太」存在。万有引力的失实、相对论的成功，说明没有绝对真空。

　　Based on his observation of vacuums (absolute empty space) the English physicist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) formulated tha theory of gravity. Albert Einstein carried out research on quantum fields, and challenged the validity of the concept of empty space; he recognized that vacuity does not mean mere emptiness. In his treatise on the special relativity theory, Einstein showed that light and electromagnetic fields a…

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