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阿賴耶識之「無明、愛結、有識之身」經證考察▪P5

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  二、識、名色、六處、觸、受五支,是在逐物流轉的緣起觀中,進求他的因緣,達到「觸境系心」的緣起。……

  叁、從識到受,說明現實身心的活動過程,不是說明生死流轉的根源。所以進一步說:無明緣行,行緣識。這一期生命中的情識「有識之身」,即有識的有情的發展,即是生。所以識依于行的「行」,即是愛俱思所引發的身行、語行、意行,也等于愛取所起的有。「無明」也等于無明觸相應的愛等煩惱。由于無明的蒙昧,愛的染著,生死識身即不斷的相續,不斷的流轉于生死苦海。

  印順法師之第叁所論的經證即是《雜阿含》294(《相應部》S.12.19)。

  §5.3 愚智縛脫異,深信勿疑惑

  《成佛之道》(49年寫)(增注本p. 67-82)中,根據經論,將世間正見略分爲四類。(1)正見有善有惡。(2)正見有業有報、有善有惡。(3)正見有前生,有後世。(4)正見有凡夫,有聖人。其中,第四類「正見有凡夫,有聖人」的經典根據即是本文所討論的《雜阿含》294經(《相應部》S.12.19)。如上§1所論:此經說明愚癡者與黠慧者都由于無明(avijjaa)所覆,愛(ta.nhaa)所系,同樣地感得「有識之身」(kaaya);此「識身」以「名、色」(naamarupa)爲境而産生眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意等六種「觸」(phassa),都會感受到苦、樂;但是,二者的差別在于:愚癡者不修梵行,無明不斷,愛緣不盡,身壞命終,還複受此識身,故不得解脫;智慧者修梵行,無明斷,愛緣盡,身壞命終,更不複受此識身,故得解脫。

  因此,《成佛之道》(增注本p. 81-82)將第四類「正見有凡夫,有聖人」作成偈頌:「生死常相續,聖者得解脫,愚智縛脫異,深信勿疑惑」。並且解釋:衆生無始以來,「生死」死生,「常」在五趣中「相續」流轉,這是一般的凡夫。經修行而得證的「聖者」,能「得」到生死的「解脫」。……衆生在生死中,不得自在,如在羅網中被系縛了一樣。聖者得了淨智,就斷去生死根本的煩惱,這才從生死得解脫,得大自在,得真安樂。

  凡夫與聖者,本來同樣的報得「有識之身」。只因凡夫愚癡……以無明爲主,這才系縛在生死中,不得自在。聖人因修持而得淨智……以般若爲主,這才解脫生死的系縛。這一「凡聖,縛(解)脫」的差「異」,一定要「深」切「信」受,切「勿」存絲毫「疑惑」。

  §6結語

  《顯揚聖教論》所提出「雲何知有此識?如薄伽梵說:無明所覆,愛結所系,愚夫感得有識之身。此言顯有異熟阿賴耶識。」的經典是《雜阿含》294經,相當于南

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  傳《相應部》S.12.19. Baalena pandito(愚與智)。而且,瑜伽行派的論典中,只有《顯揚聖教論》將此經作爲「阿賴耶識」的經證。

  此引用經典之全貌是「無明所覆、愛結所系,愚夫感得有識之身,智者亦爾」。不只是說明愚癡者感得「有識之身」,智慧者也同樣地感得「有識之身」。對照漢譯《雜阿含》與南傳《相應部》,可知《相應部》對于「有識之身」的記載,只是「身」(kaaya)而已。但是此經之「無明、愛、有識之身、名色、六入、觸、受……」說明,應該是與「十二緣起」之「無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受……」的各支關系有關;所以,《相應部》所記載的「身」(kaaya),漢譯《雜阿含》乃至玄奘譯本之《瑜伽師地論》及阿毗達磨論書,配合「十二緣起」的「識」支,翻譯爲「有識之身」是有根據的。

  此部經典之重點在于說明:愚癡者與黠慧者都由于無明(avijjaa)所覆,愛(ta.nhaa)所系,同樣地感得「有識之身」(kaaya),此「識身」以「名、色」(naamarupa)爲境而産生眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意等六種「觸」(phassa),愚癡者與智慧者都會感受到苦、樂;但是,二者的差別在于:愚癡者不修梵行,無明不斷,愛緣不盡,身壞命終,還複受此識身,故不得解脫;智慧者修梵行,無明斷,愛緣盡,身壞命終,更不複受此識身,故得解脫。

  因此,《瑜伽師地論》〈攝事分〉對上述《雜阿含》294的教說,其解釋是以「〔愚夫與智者之〕異」作爲標題,討論二者于前、中、後際的差別。有部阿毗達磨論書引用此經主要是論證五蓋不攝無明蓋、阿羅漢身亦癡生、佛生身及阿羅漢身是有漏、除愛,余法亦後有因等等教義。與譬喻師的學說接近的《成實論》的立場則是將〔有識之〕身(*kaaya)诠釋爲「受陰」(*upaadaana-skandha)。

  近人印順法師認爲:《顯揚聖教論》之經證是引「識支」來證明阿賴耶識,以入胎識作前提,因入胎識所藏的種子,漸漸的生起根身,是屬于「因心所生」的唯識說。經中說:「一切衆生無明所覆,愛結所系,感得有識之身」,即指出生命的叁大曆程(無明、行、識的叁支),此等也是緣起的本義。並將此經作爲第四類世間正見──生死常相續,聖者得解脫,愚智縛脫異,深信勿疑惑,「正見有凡夫,有聖人」的經典根據。

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  【參考書目】

  以下T表示《大正新修大藏經》,no.表示其編號:

  《雜阿含》294經(T02, no. 99);南傳《相應部》S.12.19.

  《瑜伽師地論》(T30, no. 1579);《顯揚聖教論》(T31, no. 1602)

  《阿毗達磨大毗婆沙論》(T27, no. 1545);《阿毗達磨俱舍論》(T29, no. 1558)

  《阿毗達磨順正理論》(T29, no. 1562);《成實論》(T32, no. 1646)

  《異部宗輪論》(T49, no. 2031)

  印順

  1940 《唯識學探源》。臺北:正聞出版社。

  1942 《中觀論頌講記》〈觀十二因緣品第26〉。臺北:正聞出版社。

  1949 《佛法概論》第十一章 緣起法。臺北:正聞出版社。

  1981 《初期大乘佛教之起源與開展》。臺北:正聞出版社。

  1982 《雜阿含經論會編》。臺北:正聞出版社。

  1994 《成佛之道》(增注本)。臺北:正聞出版社。

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  An Inquiry in the Canonical Statement between“Aalayavij~naana” and “Ignorance, Craving, Vi~naana-Body”

  Professor, Notional Institute of the Arts

  Bhikkhu Huimin

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  Summary

  The Xianyanshengjiaolun states that “For the fool, cloaked by ignorance and tied to craving, this body is wrought on this fool.”This is based on the Aalayavij~naana as expressed in Sajyukaagama no. 294, comparable to the Samyutta-nikaaya 12.19.Baalena pandito (The wise man compare with the fool).

  Acturally, the complete text is “For the fool and wise man, cloaked by ignorance and tied to craving, this body is wrought on this fool and wise man.”Because of the body, the stupid and the wise both feel suffering and happiness. However, fools do not practice pure deed, cannot sever ignorance, have endless cravings until their bodies wear out and die; then they are reincarnated in another body, trapped in the cycle of rebirth. The wise practice pure deed, sever ignorance, have an end to craving, so that when their bodies wear out and die, they are no longer reincarnated in another body, but achieve liberation.

  The Vastusajgrahana of the Yogaac

  aarabhuumi interprets this under the heading of “The Difference between Fools and the Wise,” discussing the differences in prior, middle, and latter phases.

  The Abhidharma ”saastra of Sarvaastivaada quotes this mainly to prove that the five hindrances do not include the ignorance hindrance; the bodies of Arahats are also born from ignorance; the Buddha”s body also can cause the defilement; and except cravings, other dharmas may cause the cycle of rebirth.The Chengshilun, which is close to the doctrine of the Darstantika, interprets the *kaaya as the *upaadaana-skandha.

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  The contemporary Venerable Yinshun deems the proof given by the Xianyanshengjiaolun as “factor of vij~naana” to prove the AAalayavij~naana, with the premise of vij~naana at the moment of conception.As it contains all seeds which gradually give rise to a sensitive, living organism, this implies the “Mind-only” theory of vij~naana produces the lives.

  The sutra says, “For living beings, cloaked by ignorance and tied to craving, this vij~naana-body is wrought on them.” This refers to the three main stages of birth (ignorance, formation, and consciousness), as well as to the fundamental meaning of “Dependent Origination.”And use this sutra as the proof of the fourth right worldly view: Life and death follow each other continuously; the wise achieve liberation, unlike the ignorant who remain chained; believe this without doubt.The sutras state the right view of the existence of both ordinary people and the sages.

  Key words: 1. aalayavij~naana2. Xianyanshengjiaolun3. Sa.myukaagama no. 2944. vij~naana-body

  5. the Buddha”s body

  

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