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南传佛教英文辞典 【1】catu

  maha^ra^jika  deva  a  class  of  heavenly  beings  of  the  sensuous  sphere;  s.  deva.

南传佛教英文辞典 【2】chie

F  elements,  the  4:  maha^-bhúta  (q.v.)  -  dha^tu  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【3】once

  eater,  the  practice  of  the:  s.  dhutanga.

南传佛教英文辞典 【4】ca^ga

  ”liberality”,  is  one  of  the  ”blessings”  (s.  sampada^),  ”foundations”  (s.  adhittha^na),  ”recollections”  (s.  anussati),  ”treasures”  (s.  dhana).

南传佛教英文辞典 【5】cakka

  ”wheel”,  is  one  of  the  seven  ”precious  possessions”  (ratana)  of  a  righteous  World  Emperor  (cakkavatti:  ”He  who  owns  the  Wheel,”  cf.  D.  26),  and  symbolizes  conquering  progress  and  expanding  sovereignty.  From  that  derives  the  figurative  expression  dhamma-cakkam  pavatteti,  ”he  sets  rolling  the  Wheel  of  the  Law”  and  the  name  of  the  Buddha”s  first  sermon,  Dhamma-cakkappavattana  Sutta  (s.  dhamma-cakka).
Another  figurative  meaning  of  C.  is  ”blessing”.  There  are  4  such  ”auspicious  wheels”  or  ”blessings”:  living  in  a  suitable  locality,  company  of  good  people,  meritorious  acts  done  in  the  past,  right  inclinations  (A.  IV,  31).
Bhava-cakka,  ”wheel  of  existence”,  or  of  life,  is  a  name  for  ”dependent  origination”  (s.  paticca-samuppa^da).
See  The  Buddhist  Wheel  Symbol,  by  T.  B.  Karunaratne  (WHEEL  137/138);  The  Wheel  of  Birth  and  Death,  by  Bhikkhu  Khantipalo  (WHEEL  147/149)

南传佛教英文辞典 【6】cause

  cf.  paccaya  (1).  -  For  the  five  c.  of  existence,  s.  paticca-samuppa^da  (10).

南传佛教英文辞典 【7】chaos

  cf.  kappa.

南传佛教英文辞典 【8】citta

  ”mind”,  ”consciousness”,  ”state  of  consciousness”,  is  a  synonym  of  mano  (q.v.)  and  vin~n~a^na  (s.  khandha  and  Tab.  1).  Dhs.  divides  all  phenomena  into  consciousness  (citta),  mental  concomitants  (cetasika,  q.v.)  and  corporeality  (rúpa).
In  adhicitta,  ”higher  mentality”,  it  signifies  the  concentrated,  quietened  mind,  and  is  one  of  the  3  trainings  (s.  sikkha^).  The  concentration  (or  intensification)  of  consciousness  is  one  of  the  4  roads  to  power  (s.  iddhipa^da).

南传佛教英文辞典 【9】citta

  vi^thi,  as  well  as  all  terms  for  the  various  functions  within  the  processes  of  conseiousness,  such  as  a^vajjana-citta,  sampaticchana,  santi^rana,  votthapana,  javana,  tada^rammana,  bhavanga,  cuti:  none  of  these  terms  is  found  in  the  Sutta  Canon.  except  javana,  in  Pts.M.  Even  in  the  Ahh.  Canon  (e.g.  Patth)  only  javana  and  bhavanga  are  twice  or  thrice  briefly  mentioned.  The  stages,  however,  must  have  been  more  or  less  known.  Cf.  e.g  Patth:  ””Cakkhu-vin~n~a^nam  tam  sampayuttaka^  ca  dhamma^  (=  cetasika^)  mano-dha^tuya^  (performing  the  sampaticchana-function),  tam  sampayuttaka^nan~  ca  dhamma^nam  (cetasika^nani)  anantara-paccayena  paccayo.  Mano-dha^tu  ...  manovin~n~a^na-dha^tuya  (performing  the  santi^rana  and  votthapana  function)....  Purima^  purima^  kusala^  dhamma^  (javana^)  pacchima^nam  pacchima^nam  kusala^nam  dhamma^nam  (javanacitta^nam)  anantara-paccayena  paccayo...  avya^kata^nam  dhamma^nam  (tada^rammana-  and  bhavanga-citta^nam....)."
cuti-citta:  s.  citta-vi^thi.

南传佛教英文辞典 【10】citta

  kamman~n~ata^,  °lahuta^,  °muduta^,  °pagun~n~ata^,  °passaddhi,  °ujukata^;  s.  Tab.  II.

南传佛教英文辞典 【11】citta

  lahuta^,  -mudúta,  -kamman~n~ata^,  -pa^gun~n~ata^,  -ujukata^:  s.  lahuta^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【12】kicca

”function”.  Regarding  the  14  functions  of  consciousness,  s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca.

南传佛教英文辞典 【13】nicca

  san~n~a^  (-citta,-ditthi):  perception  (or  consciousness,  or  view)  of  permanency,  is  one  of  the  4  perversions  (vipalla^sa,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【14】sacca

  ”Truth”.  -  1.  On  the  ”two  truths”,  conventional  and  ultimale,  see  paramattha.
2.”The  Four  Noble  Truths”  (ariya-sacca)  are  the  briefest  synthesis  of  the  entire  teachings  of  Buddhism,  since  all  those  manifold  doctrines  of  the  threefold  canon  are,  without  any  exception,  included  therein.  They  are:  the  truth  of  suffering,  of  the  origin  of  suffering,  of  the  extinction  of  suffering,  and  of  the  Eightfold  Path  leading  to  the  extinction  of  suffering.
I.  The  1st  truth,  briefly  stated,  teaches  that  all  forms  of  existence  whatsoever  are  unsatisfactory  and  subject  to  suffering  (dukkha).
II.  The  2nd  truth  teaches  that  all  suffering,  and  all  rebirth,  is  produced  by  craving  (tanha^).
III.  The  3rd  truth  teaches  that  extinction  of  craving  necessarily  results  in  extinction  (nirodha)  of  rebirth  and  suffering,  i.e.  nibba^na  (q.v.).
IV.  The  4th  truth  of  the  Eightfold  Path  (magga)  indicates  the  means  by  which  this  extinction  is  attained.
The  stereotype  text  frequently  recurring  in  the  Sutta  Pitaka,  runs  as  follows:
I."But  what,  o  monks,  is  the  noble  truth  of  suffering?  Birth  is  suffering,  decay  is  suffering,  death  is  suffering;  sorrow,  lamentation,  pain,  grief  and  despair  are  suffering;  in  short,  the  5  groups  of  existence  connected  with  clinging  are  suffering  (cf.  dukkha,  dukkhata).
II.””But  what,  o  monks,  is  the  noble  truth  of  the  origin  of  suffering?  It  is  that  craving  which  gives  rise  to  fresh  rebirth  and,  bound  up  with  lust  and  greed,  now  here,  now  there,  finds  ever  fresh  delight.  It  is  the  sensual  craving  (ka^ma-tanha^),  the  craving  for  existence  (bhava-tanha^),  the  craving  for  non-existence  or  self-annihilation  (vibhava-tanha^).
III."But  what,  o  monks,  is  the  noble  truth  of  the  extinction  of  suffering?  It  is  the  complete  fading  away  and  extinction  of  this  craving,  its  forsaking  and  giving  up,  liberation  and  detachment  from  it.
IV."But  what,  o  monks,  is  the  noble  truth  of  the  path  leading  to  the  extinction  of  suffering?  It  is  the  Noble  Eightfold  Path  (ariya-atthangika-magga)  that  leads  to  the  extinction  of  suffering,  namely:

1.  Right  view  (samma^-ditthi)2.  Right  thought  (samma^-sankappa) III.  Wisdom  (pan~n~a^)
3.  Right  speech  (samma^-va^ca^)4.  Right  action  (samma^-kammanta)5.  Right  livelihood  (sammd-djiva)   I.  Morality  (si^la)
6.  Right  effort  (samma^-va^ya^ma)7.  Right  mindfulness  (samma^-sati)8.  Right  concentration  (samma^-sama^dhi)   II.  Concentration  (sama^dhi)


1."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  view  (or  right  understanding)?  It  is  the  understanding  of  suffering,  of  the  origin  of  suffering,  of  the  extinction  of  suffering,  and  of  the  path  leading  to  the  extinction  of  suffering.
2."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  thought?  It  is  a  mind  free  from  sensual  lust,  ill-will  and  cruelty.
3."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  speech?  Abstaining  from  lying,  tale-bearing,  harsh  words,  and  foolish  babble  (cf.  tiraccha^nakatha^).
4."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  action?  Abstaining  from  injuring  living  beings,  from  stealing  and  from  unlawful  sexual  intercourse  (s.  ka^mesu  miccha^ca^ra).
5."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  livelihood?  If  the  noble  disciple  rejects  a  wrong  living,  and  gains  his  living  by  means  of  right  livelihood  (s.  magga,  5).
6."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  effort?  If  the  disciple  rouses  his  will  to  avoid  the  arising  of  evil,  demeritorious  things  that  have  not  yet  arisen;...  if  he  rouses  his  will  to  overcome  the  evil,  demeritorious  things  that  have  already  arisen;...  if  he  rouses  his  will  to  produce  meritorious  things  that  have  not  yet  arisen;...  if  he  rouses  his  will  to  maintain  the  meritorious  things  that  have  already  arisen  and  not  to  let  them  disappear,  but  to  bring  them  to  growth,  to  maturity  and  to  the  full  perfection  of  development;  he  thus  makes  effort,  stirs  up  his  energy,  exerts  his  mind  and  strives  (s.  padha^na).
7."What  now,  o  monks  is  right  mindfulness?  If  the  disciple  dwells  in  contemplation  of  corporeality  ...  of  feeling  ...  of  mind  ...  of  the  mind-objects,  ardent,  clearly  conscious,  and  mindful  after  putting  away  worldly  greed  and  grief  (s.  satipattha^na).
8."What  now,  o  monks,  is  right  concentration?  If  the  disciple  is  detached  from  sensual  objects,  detached  from  unwholesome  things,  and  enters  into  the  first  absorption  ...  the  second  absorption  ...  the  third  absorption  ...  the  fourth  absorption"  (s.  jha^na).
In  the  Buddha”s  first  sermon,  the  Dhammacakkappavattana  Sutta,  it  is  said  that  the  first  truth  (suffering)  is  to  be  fully  understood;  the  second  truth  (craving)  to  be  abandoned;  the  third  truth  (Nibba^na)  to  be  realized;  the  fourth  truth  (the  path)  to  be  cultivated.
"The  truth  of  suffering  is  to  be  compared  with  a  disease,  the  truth  of  the  origin  of  suffering  with  the  cause  of  the  disease,  the  truth  of  extinction  of  suffering  with  the  cure  of  the  disease,  the  truth  of  the  path  with  the  medicine"  (Vis.M.  XVI).
In  the  ultimate  sense,  all  these  4  truths  are  to  be  considered  as  empty  of  a  self,  since  there  is  no  feeling  agent,  no  doer,  no  liberated  one.  no  one  who  follows  along  the  path.  Therefore  it  is  said:
”Mere  suffering  exists,  no  sufferer  is  found.
The  deed  is,  but  no  doer  of  the  deed  is  there.
Nibba^na  is,  but  not  the  man  that  enters  it.
The  path  is,  but  no  traveller  on  it  is  seen.

”The  first  truth  and  the  second  truth  are  empty
Of  permanency,  joy,  of  self  and  beauty;
The  Deathless  Realm  is  empty  of  an  ego,
And  free  from  permanency,  joy  and  self,  the  path.”
(Vis.M.  XVI)

It  must  be  pointed  out  that  the  first  truth  does  not  merely  refer  to  actual  suffering,  i.e.  to  suffering  as  feeling,  but  that  it  shows  that,  in  consequence  of  the  universal  law  of  impermanency,  all  the  phenomena  of  existence  whatsoever,  even  the  sublimest  states  of  existence,  are  subject  to  change  and  dissolution,  and  hence  are  miserable  and  unsatisfactory;  and  that  thus,  without  exception,  they  all  contain  in  themselves  the  germ  of  suffering.  Cf.  Guide,  p.  101f.
Regarding  the  true  nature  of  the  path,  s.  magga.
Literature:  Dhammacakkappavattana  Sutta  (in  WHEEL  17  and  BODHI  LEAVES);  M.  141;  Sacca-Samyutta  (S.  LVI);  Sacca  Vibhanga;  W.  of  B.;  Vis.M.  XVI:  The  Four  Noble  Truths  by  Francis  Story  (WHEEL  34/35);  The  Significance  of  the  4  Noble  Truths  by  V.  F.  Gunaratna  (WHEEL  123).

南传佛教英文辞典 【15】space

  s.  a^ka^sa.

南传佛教英文辞典 【16】access

  Moment  of:  s.  javana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【17】action

  karma  (q.v.)  -  Right  bodily  a.:  samma^-kammanta;  s.  sacca  (IV.4)

南传佛教英文辞典 【18】anicca

  ”impermanent”  (or,  as  abstract  noun,  aniccata^,  ”impermanence”)  ...
is  the  first  of  the  three  characteristics  of  existence  (tilakkhana,  q.v.).  It  is  from  the  fact  of  impermanence  that,  in  most  texts,  the  other  two  characteristics,  suffering  (dukkha)  and  not-self  (anatta^),  are  derived  (S.22.  15;  Ud.IV.  I)
"Impermanence  of  things  is  the  rising,  passing  and  changing  of  things,  or  the  disappearance  of  things  that  have  become  or  arisen.  The  meaning  is  that  these  things  never  persist  in  the  same  way,  but  that  they  are  vanishing  dissolving  from  moment  to  moment"  (Vis.M.  VII,  3).
Impermanence  is  a  basic  feature  of  all  conditioned  phenomena,  be  they  material  or  mental,  coarse  or  subtle,  one”s  own  or  external:  All  formations  are  impermanent"  (sabbe  sankha^ra^  anicca^;  M.  35,  Dhp.  277).  That  the  totality  of  existence  is  impermanent  is  also  often  stated  in  terms  of  the  five  aggregates  (khandha,  q.v.),  the  twelve  personal  and  external  sense  bases  (a^yatana  q.v.),  etc.  Only  Nibba^na  (q.v.),  which  is  unconditioned  and  not  a  formation  (asankhata),  is  permanent  (nicca,  dhuva).
The  insight  leading  to  the  first  stage  of  deliverance,  Stream-entry  (sota^patti;  s.  ariya-puggala),  is  often  expressed  in  terms  of  impermanence:  "Whatever  is  subject  to  origination,  is  subject  to  cessation"  (s.  Dhammacakkappavattana  Sutta,  S.46.  11).  In  his  last  exhortation,  before  his  Parinibba^na,  the  Buddha  reminded  his  monks  of  the  impermanence  of  existence  as  a  spur  to  earnest  effort:  "Behold  now,  Bhikkhus,  I  exhort  you:  Formations  are  bound  to  vanish.  Strive  earnestly!"  (vayadhamma^  sankha^ra^,  appama^dena  sampa^detha;  D.  16).
Without  the  deep  insight  into  the  impermanence  and  insubstantiality  of  all  phenomena  of  existence  there  is  no  attainment  of  deliverance.  Hence  comprehension  of  impermanence  gained  by  direct  meditative  experience  heads  two  lists  of  insight  knowledge:  
(a)  contemplation  of  impermanence  (anicca^nupassana^)  is  the  first  of  the  18  chief  kinds  of  insight  (q.v.);  
(b)  the  contemplation  of  arising  and  vanishing  (udayabbaya^nupassana^-n~a^na)  is  the  first  of  9  kinds  of  knowledge  which  lead  to  the  ”purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  the  path-progress”  (s.  visuddhi,  VI).  -  
Contemplation  of  impermanence  leads  to  the  conditionless  deliverance  (animitta-vimokkha;  s.  vimokkha).  As  herein  the  faculty  of  confidence  (saddhindriya)  is  outstanding,  he  who  attains  in  that  way  the  path  of  Stream-entry  is  called  a  faith-devotee  (saddha^nusa^ri^;  s.  ariya-puggala)  and  at  the  seven  higher  stages  he  is  called  faith-liberated  (saddha^-vimutta),  -  See  also  anicca-san~n~a^.
See  The  Three  Basic  Facts  of  Existence  I:  Impermanence  (WHEEL  186/187)

南传佛教英文辞典 【19】Avi^ci

  is  the  name  of  one  of  the  most  frightful  hells  (niraya,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【20】cakkhu

  ”eye”  s.  a^yatana.  -  The  foll.  5  kinds  of  ”eyes”  are  mentioned  and  explained  in  CNid.  (PTS,  p.  235;  the  first  3  also  in  It.  52):  1.  the  physical  eye  (mamsa  cakkhu),  2.  the  divine  eye  (dibba-cakkhu;  s.  abhin~n~a^),  3.  the  eye  of  wisdom  (pan~n~a^-cakkhu),  4  the  eye  of  a  Buddha  (Buddha-c.),  5.  the  eye  of  all-round  knowledge  (samanta-c.;  a  frequent  appellation  of  the  Buddha).

南传佛教英文辞典 【21】carana

  s.  vijja^-carana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【22】carita

  ra^ga-c.,  dosa-c.,  buddhi-c.,  etc.,  are  only  to  be  met  with  in  the  Com.  and  Vis.M.

南传佛教英文辞典 【23】carita

  ”nature,  character”.  In  Vis.M.  III  there  are  explained  six  types  of  men:  the  greedy-natured  (ra^ga-carita),  the  hate-natured  (dosa-carita),  the  stupid  or  dull-natured  (moha-carita),  the  faithful-natured  (saddha^-carita),  the  intelligent-natured  (buddhi-carita),  the  ruminating-natured  (vitakka-carita).  -  (App.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【24】chanda

  intention,  desire,  will.
1.  As  an  ethically  neutral  psychological  term,  in  the  sense  of  ”intention”,  it  is  one  of  those  general  mental  factors  (cetasika,  q.v.  Tab.  II)  taught  in  the  Abhidhamma,  the  moral  quality  of  which  is  determined  by  the  character  of  the  volition  (cetana^,  q.v.)  associated  therewith.  The  Com.  explains  it  as  ”a  wish  to  do”  (kattu-kamyata^-chanda).  If  intensified,  it  acts  also  as  a  ”predominance  condition”  (s.  paccaya  3).
2.  As  an  evil  quality  it  has  the  meaning  of  ”desire”,  and  is  frequently  coupled  with  terms  for  ”sensuality”,  ”greed”,  etc.,  for  instance:  ka^ma-cchanda,  ”sensuous  desire”,  one  of  the  5  hindrances  (s.  ni^varana);  chanda-ra^ga,  ”lustful  desire”  (s.  ka^ma).  It  is  one  of  the  4  wrong  paths  (s.  agati).
3.  As  a  good  quality  it  is  a  righteous  will  or  zeal  (dhamma-chanda)  and  occurs,  e.g.  in  the  formula  of  the  4  right  efforts  (s.  padha^na):  "The  monk  rouses  his  will  (chandam  janeti)...."  If  intensified,  it  is  one  of  the  4  roads  to  power  (s.  iddhipa^da).

南传佛教英文辞典 【25】change

  contemplation  of:  one  of  the  18  chief  kinds  of  insight  (vipassana^,  q.v.)  .

南传佛教英文辞典 【26】course

  of  action  (wholesome  or  unwholesome):  kammapatha  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【27】escape

  nissarana  (s.  paha^na).

南传佛教英文辞典 【28】object

  a^rammana  (q.v.);  as  condition  s.  paccaya  (2).

南传佛教英文辞典 【29】picked

  up  rags,  wearing  robes  made  from:  s.  dhutanga.

南传佛教英文辞典 【30】trance

  jha^na  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【31】va^ca^

  ”speech”.  On  right  sp.,  s.  magga  (3),  sacca  (IV.3).  -  Low  talk,  s.  tiraccha^na-katha^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【32】absence

  natthi-paccaya,  is  one  of  the  24  conditions  (paccaya,  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【33】avacara

  ”sphere”,  realm.  The  3  spheres  of  existence  are:  the  sensuous  sphere  (ka^ma^vacara),  the  fine-material  sphere  (rúpa^vacara),  the  immaterial  sphere  (arúpa^vacara)."Which  things  are  of  the  sensuous  sphere  (ka^ma^vacara)?  Whatever  things  exist  within  the  interval  bounded  beneath  by  the  Avi^ci-hell  and  above  by  the  Paranimmitavasavatti-heaven  (s.  deva),  having  therein  their  sphere,  and  being  therein  included,  to  wit:  the  groups  of  existence,  the  elements,  bases  (s.  khandha,  dha^tu,  a^yatana),  corporeality,  feeling,  perception,  mental  formations  and  consciousness,  all  these  things  are  of  the  sensuous  sphere.  -  But  which  things  are  of  the  fine  material  sphere  (rúpa^vacara)?  Whatever  things  exist  within  the  interval  bounded  beneath  by  the  Brahma-world  and  above  by  the  Akanittha-world  (s.  deva),  having  therein  their  sphere,  and  being  therein  included  ...  and  also  consciousness  and  mental  factors  in  one  who  has  entered  the  (fine-material)  absorptions,  or  who  has  been  reborn  in  that  sphere,  or  who  already  during  his  life-time  is  living  in  happiness  (of  the  absorptions),  all  these  things  are  of  the  fine-material  sphere.  -  Which  things  are  of  the  immaterial  sphere  (arúpa^vacara)?  Consciousness  and  mental  factors  arising  within  the  interval  bounded  beneath  by  the  beings  reborn  in  the  sphere  of  unbounded  space  and  above  by  the  beings  reborn  in  the  sphere  of  neither-perception-nor-non-perception  (s.  jha^na  5-8),  and  consciousness  and  mental  factors  in  one  who  has  entered  the  (immaterial  absorptions),  or  who  has  been  reborn  in  that  sphere,  or  who  already  during  his  lifetime  is  living  in  happiness  (of  the  immaterial  absorptions),  all  these  things  are  of  the  immaterial  sphere."  (Cf.  Dhs.  1280,  1282,  1284;  Vibh.  XVIII).  (App.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【34】avacara

  ka^ma^vacara  is  already  met  with  in  the  oldest  sutta  texts  (e.g.  D.  1).  Rúpa^vacara  and  arúpa^vacara,  however,  occur  probably  for  the  first  time  in  Pts.M.  (I.  83ff.),  while  in  the  Abhidhamma  Canon  and  the  Com.  all  the  3  terms  are  frequently  mentioned  and  explained.

南传佛教英文辞典 【35】cankers

  s.  a^sava.

南传佛教英文辞典 【36】cetana^

  ”volition”,  will,  is  one  of  the  seven  mental  factors  (cetasika,  q.v.)  inseparably  bound  up  with  all  consciousness,  namely  sensorial  or  mental  impression  (phassa),  feeling  (vedana^),  perception  (san~n~a^),  volition  (cetana^),  concentration  (sama^dhi),  vitality  (ji^vita),  advertence  (manasika^ra).  Cf.  Tab.  II,  III.
With  regard  to  karmical  volition  (i.e.  wholesome  or  unwholesome  karma)  it  is  said  in  A.  VI,  13:  "Volition  is  action  (karma),  thus  I  say,  o  monks;  for  as  soon  as  volition  arises,  one  does  the  action,  be  it  by  body,  speech  or  mind."  For  details,  s.  paticca-samuppa^da  (10),  karma.

南传佛教英文辞典 【37】conceit

  ma^na  (q.v.);  further  s.  samyojana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【38】control

  effort  of:  s.  padha^na.

南传佛教英文辞典 【39】counter

  image  (during  concentration):  s.  nimitta,  kasina,  sama^dhi.

南传佛教英文辞典 【40】craving

  tanha^  (q.v.),  ra^ga  (q.v.);  further  s.  múla.

南传佛教英文辞典 【41】created

  the:  sankhata  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【42】decline

  (in  morality,  wisdom,  etc.):  s.  ha^na-bha^giya-si^la.  -  Liable  to  °,  pariha^na-dhamma  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【43】factors

  mental:  s.  cetasika.  -  F.  of  absorption,  s.  jha^na  -  F.  of  enlightenment,  s.  bojjhanga.

南传佛教英文辞典 【44】miccha^

  magga,  Atthangika:  the  ”eightfold  wrong  path”,  i.e.  (1)  wrong  view  (miccha^-ditthi),  (2)  wrong  thought  (miccha^-sankappa),  (3)  wrong  speech  (miccha^-va^ca^),  (4)  wrong  bodily  action  (miccha^-kammanta),  (5)  wrong  livelihood  (miccha^-a^ji^va),  (6)  wrong  effort  (miccha^-va^ya^ma),  (7)  wrong  mindfulness  (miccha^-sati),  (8)  wrong  concentration  (miccha^-sama^dhi).  Just  as  the  Eightfold  Right  Path  (samma^-magga),  so  also  here  the  8  links  are  included  in  the  group  of  mental  formations  (sankha^ra-kkhandha;  s.  khandha).  The  links  2,  6,  7,  8,  are  inseparably  bound  up  with  every  karmically-unwholesome  state  of  consciousness.  Often  are  also  present  3,  4,  or  5,  sometimes  link  1.

南传佛教英文辞典 【45】miccha^

  ditthi,  -sankappa,  -va^ca  etc.:  s.  foll.

南传佛教英文辞典 【46】miracle

  s.  pa^tiha^riya.

南传佛教英文辞典 【47】paccaya

  This  term  occurs  often  in  the  old  sutta  texts  in  such  expressions  as:  ”ko  hetu,  ko  paccayo”,  ”yam  yad  eva  paccayam  paticca  uppajjati  vin~n~a^nam”,  etc.,  or  as  abl.  adverb  in  ”avijja^paccaya^  sankha^ra^”.  All  the  24  paccaya  are  for  the  first  time  enumerated,  explained  and  applied  to  the  phenomena  of  existence  in  the  Abh.  Canon  (Patth).  Of  these  24  paccaya,  5  are  already  mentioned  in  Pts.M.  (II,  49-54,  59f.,  72-77),  namely,  sahaja^ta-,  an~n~aman~n~a-,  nissaya-,  sampayutta-,  vippayutta-paccaya.
1.  Hetu  is  already  used  in  the  sutta  texts  as  ”condition”  in  a  general  and  indefinite  way,  as  a  synonym  of  paccaya.  In  the  sense  of  kusala  and  akusala  roots  (múla;  s.  M.  9),  however,  it  is  only  found  in  the  Abh.  Canon  and  Com.
2.  a^rammana  has  in  the  ”sutta  texts  only  the  meaning  of  ”foundation”,  or  ”basis”,  or  ”dependent  on”,  e.g.  M.  21:  ”tada^rammanan~ca  sabbalokam  metta^sahagatena  cetasa^  pharitva^....”  or  D.33;  S.XXII.53:  ”vin~n~a^nam  ...  rúpa^rammanam  ...  vedana^ram-manam....”  As  term  for  the  6  objects,  rúpa^rammana,  sadda^rammana,  etc.,
it  is  first  used  in  the  Abh.  Canon,  though  the  teaching  of  dependency  of  the  6  kinds  of  vin~n~a^na  on  the  6  sense-objects  is  an  integral  part  of  the  suttas.  Cf.  e.g.  M.38:  ”cakkhun~ca  paticca  rúpe  ca  uppajjati  vin~n~a^nam  sotan~ca  paticca  sadde  ca  ...”  etc.
3.  Adhipati,  as  a  philosophical  term,  occurs  for  the  first  time  in  the  Abh.  Canon  (esp.  Patth.).  The  4  adhipati  are  in  the  suttas  called  iddhipa^da  (e.g.  S.  LI.  11).  In  the  old  sutta  texts,  3  adhipateyya  are  however  mentioned:  atta-,  loka-,  dhamma-  (A.  III,  38).
4.&  5.  Anantara-  and  samanantara-paccaya  occur,  as  paccaya,  for  the  first  time  in  the  Abh.  Canon  (esp.  Patth.).  In  a  veiled  form,  however,  we  find  the  first  term  in  the  old  sutta  texts  (e.g.  Ratana  Sutta  in  Khp.  and  Sn.):  ”sama^dhim  a^nantarikan~n~ama^hu”:  the  concentration  (associated  with  the  arahatta-magga),  which  is  called  the  ”immediate”  condition  (for  arahatta-phala).
6.&  7.  Sahaja^ta  and  an~n~aman~n~a-paccaya.  Though  these  terms,  as  such,  are  not  found  in  the  older  sutta  texts,  still  the  teaching  of  the  conascent  and  mutual  conditionedness  of  the  4  mental  groups  (vedana^,  san~n~a^,  sankha^ra,  vin~n~a^na)  is  taught  in  the  old  texts,  e.g.  M.  28,  43;  S.  XXII,  etc.
8.  Nissaya-paccaya  is  mentioned  in  Pts;  s.  first  paragraph  of  this  article,  above.
9.  Upanissaya-paccaya.  Though  this  name  is  not  found  in  the  suttas,  the  teaching  expressed  thereby  is,  however,  frequently  met  with  there,  sometimes  even  in  the  form  of  upanisa^  (apparently  a  contraction  of  upanissaya),  e.g.  S.  XII,  23:  ”Yam  pi”ssa  tam  bhikkhave  khayasmim  khaye  n~a^nam,  tam  sa-upanisam  vada^mi,  no  anupanisam  ”.  The  terms  pakati-,  a^rammana-  and  anantara-upanissaya  are  later  developments  of  the  Abh.  Com.
All  the  remaining  terms  are  met  with  only  in  the  Abh.  literature  though  the  substance  is,  perhaps  in  all  cases,  already  dealt  with  in  the  old  sutta  texts.

南传佛教英文辞典 【48】paccaya

  ”condition”,  is  something  on  which  something  else,  the  so-called  ”conditioned  thing”,  is  dependent,  and  without  which  the  latter  cannot  be.  Manifold  are  the  ways  in  which  one  thing,  or  one  occurrence,  may  be  the  condition  for  some  other  thing,  or  occurrence.  In  the  Pattha^na,  the  last  book  of  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka  (comprising  6  large  vols.  in  the  Siamese  edition),  these  24  modes  of  conditionality  are  enumerated  and  explained,  and  then  applied  to  all  conceivable  mental  and  physical  phenomena  and  occurrences,  and  thus  their  conditioned  nature  is  demonstrated.
The  first  two  volumes  of  the  Pattha^na  have  been  translated  into  English  by  the  Venerable  U  Na^rada  (Múlapattha^na  Sayadaw)  of  Burma,  under  the  title  Conditional  Relations  (Published  by  the  Pa^li  Text  Society,  London  1969,  1981).  For  a  synopsis  of  this  work,  see  Guide  VII.
The  24  modes  of  conditionality  are:

1.  Root  condition  :  hetu  paccaya
2.  Object  "  :  a^rammana  "
3.  Predominance  "  :  adhipati  "
4.  Priority  "  :  anantara  "
5.  Contiguity  "  :  samanantara  "
6.  Co-nascence  "  :  sahaja^ta  "
7.  Mutuality  "  :  an~n~aman~n~a  "
8.  Support  "  :  nissaya  "
9.  Decisive  Support  "  :  upanissaya  "
10.  Pre-nascene  "  :  pureja^ta  "
11.  Post-nascene  "  :  paccha^ja^ta  "
12.  Repitition  "  :  a^sevana  "
13.  Karma  "  :  kamma  "
14.  Karma-result  "  :  vipa^ka  "
15.  Nutriment  "  :  a^ha^ra  "
16.  Faculty  "  :  indriya  "
17.  Jha^na  "  :  jha^na  "
18.  Path  "  :  magga  "
19.  Associaton  "  :  sampayutta  "
20.  Dissociation  "  :  vippayutta  "
21.  Presence  "  :  atthi  "
22.  Absence  "  :  natthi  "
23.  Disappearance  "  :  vigata  "
24.  Non-disappearance  "  :  avigata  "

(1)  Root-condition  (hetu-paccaya)  is  that  condition  that  resembles  the  root  of  a  tree.  Just  as  a  tree  rests  on  its  root,  and  remains  alive  only  as  long  as  its  root  is  not  destroyed,  similarly  all  karmically  wholesome  and  unwholesome  mental  states  are  entirely  dependent  on  the  simultaneity  and  presence  of  their  respective  roots,  i.e,  of  greed  (lobha),  hate  (dosa),  delusion  (moha),  or  greedlessness  (alobha),  hatelessness  (adosa),  undeludedness  (amoha).  For  the  definition  of  these  6  roots,  s.  múla.
"The  roots  are  a  condition  by  way  of  root  for  the  (mental)  phenomena  associated  with  a  root,  and  for  the  corporeal  phenomena  produced  thereby  (e.g.  for  bodily  expression)"  (Patth).
(2)  Object-condition  (a^rammana-paccaya)  is  called  something  which,  as  object,  forms  the  condition  for  consciousness  and  mental  phenomena.  Thus,  the  physical  object  of  sight  consisting  in  colour  and  light  (”light-wave”),  is  the  necessary  condition  and  the  sine  qua  non  for  the  arising  of  eye-consciousness  (cakkhu-vin~n~a^na),  etc.;  sound  (”sound  wave”)  for  ear-consciousness  (sota^-vin~n~a^na),  etc.;  further,  any  object  arising  in  the  mind  is  the  condition  for  mind-consciousness  (mano-vin~n~a^na).  The  mind-object  may  be  anything  whatever,  corporeal  or  mental,  past,  present  or  future,  real  or  imaginary.
(3)  Predominance-condition  (adhipati-paccaya)  is  the  term  for  4  things,  on  the  preponderance  and  predominance  of  which  are  dependent  the  mental  phenomena  associated  with  them,  namely:  concentrated  intention  (chanda,  q.v.),  energy  (viriya,  q.v.),  consciousness  (citta)  and  investigation  (vi^mamsa^).  In  one  and  the  same  state  of  consciousness,  however,  only  one  of  these  4  phenomena  can  be  predominant  at  a  time."Whenever  such  phenomena  as  consciousness  and  mental  concomitants  are  arising  by  giving  preponderance  to  one  of  these  4  things,  then  this  phenomenon  is  for  the  other  phenomena  a  condition  by  way  of  predominance"  (Patth.).  Cf.  iddhi-pa^da.
(4-5)  Proximity  and  contiguity  (or  immediacy)-condition  (anantara  and  samanantara-paccaya)  -  both  being  identical  -  refer  to  any  state  of  consciousness  and  mental  phenomena  associated  with  them,  which  are  the  conditions  for  the  immediately  following  stage  in  the  process  of  consciousness.  For  example,  in  the  visual  process,  eye-consciousness  is  for  the  immediately  following  mindelement  -  performing  the  function  of  receiving  the  visible  object  -  a  condition  by  way  of  contiguity;  and  so  is  this  mind-element  for  the  next  following  mind-consciousness  element,  performing  the  function  of  investigating  the  object,  etc.  Cf.  vin~n~a^na-kicca.
(6)  Co-nascence  condjtion  (sahaja^ta-paccaya),  i.e.  condition  by  way  of  simultaneous  arising,  is  a  phenomenon  that  for  another  one  forms,  a  condition  in  such  a  way  that,  simultaneously  with  its  arising,  also  the  other  thing  must  arise.  Thus,  for  instance,  in  one  and  the  same  moment  each  of  the  4  mental  groups  (feeling,  perception,  mental  formations  and  consciousness)  is  for  the  3  other  groups  a  condition  by  way  of  co-nascence  or  co-arising;  or  again  each  of  the  4  physical  elements  (solid,  liquid,  heat,  motion)  is  such  a  condition  for  the  other  3  elements.  Only  at  the  moment  of  conception  in  the  mother”s  womb  does  corporeality  (physical  base  of  mind)  serve  for  the  4  mental  groups  as  a  condition  by  way  of  conascence.
(7)  Condition  by  way  of  mutuality  (an~n~a^man~n~a-paccaya).  All  the  just  mentioned  associated  and  co-nascent  mental  phenomena,  as  well  as  the  4  physical  elements,  are,  of  course,  at  the  same  time  also  conditioned  by  way  of  mutuality,  "just  like  three  sticks  propped  up  one  by  another."  The  4  mental  groups  are  one  for  another  a  condition  by  way  of  mutuality.  So  also  are  the  4  elements,  and  also  mentality  and  corporeality  at  the  moment  of  conception.
(8)  Support-condition  (nissaya-paccaya).  This  condition  refers  either  to  a  pre-nascent  (s.  10)  or  co-nascent  (s.  6)  phenomenon  which  is  aiding  other  phenomena  in  the  manner  of  a  foundation  or  base,  just  as  the  trees  have  the  earth  as  their  foundation,  or  as  the  oil-painting  rests  on  the  canvas.  In  this  way,  the  5  sense-organs  and  the  physical  base  of  the  mind  are  for  the  corresponding  6  kinds  of  consciousness  a  prenascent,  i.e.  previously  arisen,  condition  by  way  of  support.  Further  all  co-nascent  (s.  6)  phenomena  are  mutually  (s.  7)  conditioned  by  each  other  by  way  of  support.
(9)  Decisive-support  (or  inducement)  condition  (upanissaya-paccaya)  is  threefold,  namely  (a)  by  way  of  object  (a^rammanúpanissaya-paccaya),  (b)  by  way  of  proximity  (anantarúpanissaya),  (c)  natural  decisive  support  (pakatupanissaya).  These  conditions  act  as  strong  inducement  or  cogent  reason.
(a)  Anything  past,  present  or  future,  corporeal  or  mental,  real  or  imaginary,  may,  as  object  of  our  thinking,  become  a  decisive  support,  or  strong  inducement,  to  moral,  immoral  or  karmically  neutral  states  of  mind.  Evil  things,  by  wrong  thinking  about  them,  become  an  inducement  to  immoral  life;  by  right  thinking,  an  inducement  to  moral  life.  But  good  things  may  be  an  inducement  not  only  to  similarly  good  things,  but  also  to  bad  things,  such  as  self-conceit,  vanity,  envy,  etc.
(b;)  is  identical  with  proximity  condition  (No.  4).
(c)  Faith,  virtue,  etc.,  produced  in  one”s  own  mind,  or  the  influence  of  climate,  food,  etc.,  on  one”s  body  and  mind,  may  act  as  natural  and  decisive  support-conditions.  Faith  may  be  a  direct  and  natural  inducement  to  charity,  virtue  to  mental  training,  etc.;  greed  to  theft,  hate  to  murder;  unsuitable  food  and  climate  to  ill-health;  friends  to  spiritual  progress  or  deterioration.
(10)  Pre-nascence-condition  (pureja^ta-paccaya)  refers  to  something  previously  arisen,  which  forms  a  base  for  something  arising  later  on.  For  example,  the  5  physical  sense-organs  and  the  physical  base  of  mind,  having  already  arisen  at  the  time  of  birth,  form  the  condition  for  the  consciousness  arising  later,  and  for  the  mental  phenomena  associated  therewith.
(11)  Post-nascence-condition  (paccha^-ja^ta-paccaya)  refers  to  consciousness  and  the  phenomena  therewith  associated,  because  they  are  -  just  as  is  the  feeling  of  hunger-  a  necessary  condition  for  the  preservation  of  this  already  arisen  body.
(12)  Repetition-condition  (a^sevana-paccaya)  refers  to  the  karmical  consciousness,  in  which  each  time  the  preceding  impulsive  moments  (javana-citta,  q.v.)  are  for  all  the  succeeding  ones  a  condition  by  way  of  repetition  and  frequency,  just  as  in  learning  by  heart,  through  constant  repetition,  the  later  recitation  becomes  gradually  easier  and  easier.
(13)  Karma-condition  (kamma-paccaya).  The  pre-natal  karma  (i.e  karma-volitions,  kamma-cetana^,  in  a  previous  birth)  is  the  generating  condition  (cause)  of  the  5  sense-organs,  the  fivefold  sense-consciousness,  and  the  other  karma-produced  mental  and  corporeal  phenomena  in  a  later  birth.  -  Karmical  volition  is  also  a  condition  by  way  of  karma  for  the  co-nascent  mental  phenomena  associated  therewith,  but  these  phenomena  are  in  no  way  karma-results.
(14)  Karma-result-condition  (vipa^ka-paccaya).  The  karma-resultant  5  kinds  of  sense-consciousness  are  a  condition  by  way  of  karma-result  for  the  co-nascent  mental  and  corporeal  phenomena.
(15)  Nutriment-condition  (a^ha^ra-paccaya).  For  the  4  nutriments,  s.  a^ha^ra.
(16)  Faculty-condition  (indriya-paccaya).  This  condition  applies  to  20  faculties  (indriya,  q.v.),  leaving  out  No.  7  and  8  from  the  22  faculties.  Of  these  20  faculties,  the  5  physical  sense-organs  (1  -  5),  in  their  capacity  as  faculties,  form  a  condition  only  for  uncorporeal  phenomena  (eye-consciousness  etc.);  physical  vitality  (6)  and  all  the  remaining  faculties,  for  the  co-nascent  mental  and  corporeal  phenomena.
(17)  Jha^na-condition  (jha^na-paccaya)  is  a  name  for  the  7  so-called  jha^na-factors,  as  these  form  a  condition  to  the  co-nascent  mental  and  corporeal  phenomena,  to  wit:  (1)  thought-conception  (vitakka),  (2)  discursive  thinking  (vica^ra),  (3)  interest  (pi^ti),  (4)  joy  (sukha),  (5)  sadness  (domanassa),  (6)  indifference  (upekkha^),  (7)  concentration  (sama^dhi).  (For  definition  s.  Pa^li  terms.  )
1,  2,  3,  4,  7  are  found  in  4  classes  of  greedy  consciousness  (s.  Tab.  I.  22-25);  1,  2,  5,  7  in  hateful  consciousness  (ib.  30,  31);  1,  2,  6,  7  in  the  classes  of  deluded  consciousness  (ib.  32,  33).
This  condition  does  not  only  apply  to  jha^na  alone,  but  also  to  the  general  intensifying  (”absorbing”)  impact  of  these  7  factors.
(18)  Path-condition  (magga-paccaya)  refers  to  the  12  path-factors,  as  these  are  for  the  karmically  wholesome  and  unwholesome  mental  phenomena  associated  with  them,  a  way  of  escape  from  this  or  that  mental  constitution,  namely:  (1)  knowledge  (pan~n~a^  =  samma^ditthi,  right  understanding),  (2)  (right  or  wrong)  thought-conception  (vitakka),  (3)  right  speech  (samma^-va^ca^),  (4)  right  bodily  action  (samma^-kammanta),  (5)  right  livelihood  (samma^-a^ji^va),  (6)  (right  or  wrong)  energy  (viriya),  (7)  (right  or  wrong)  mindfulness  (sati),  (8)  (right  or  wrong)  concentration  (sama^dhi),  (9)  wrong  views  (miccha^ditthi),  (10)  wrong  speech  (miccha^-va^ca^),  (11)  wrong  bodily  action  (miccha^-kammanta),  (12)  wrong  livelihood  (miccha^-a^ji^va).  Cf.  magga.
(19)  Association-condition  (sampayutta-paccaya)  refers  to  the  co-nascent  (s.  6)  and  mutually  (s.  7)  conditioned  4  mental  groups  (khandha),  "as  they  aid  each  other  by  their  being  associated,  by  having  a  common  physical  base,  a  common  object,  and  by  their  arising  and  disappearing  simultaneously"  (Patth.  Com.).
(20)  Dissociation-condition  (vippayutta-paccaya)  refers  to  such  phenomena  as  aid  other  phenomena  by  not  baving  the  same  physical  base  (eye,  etc.)  and  objects.  Thus  corporeal  phenomena  are  for  mental  phenomena,  and  conversely,  a  condition  by  way  of  dissociation,  whether  co-nascent  or  not.
(2l)  Presence-condition  (atthi-paccaya)  refers  to  a  phenomenon  -  being  pre-nascent  or  co-nascent  -  which  through  its  presence  is  a  condition  for  other  phenomena.  This  condition  applies  to  the  conditions  Nos.  6,  7,  8,  10,  11.
(22)  Absence-condition  (natthi-paccaya)  refers  to  consciousness,  etc.,  which  has  just  passed,  and  which  thus  forms  the  necessary  condition  for  the  immediately  following  stage  of  consciousness  by  giving  it  an  opportunity  to  arise.  Cf.  No.  4.
(23)  Disappearance-condition  (vigata-paccaya)  is  identical  with  No.  22.
(24)  Non-disappearance-condition  (avigata-paccaya)  is  identical  with  No.  21.
These  24  conditions  should  be  known  thoroughly  for  a  detailed  understanding  of  that  famous  formula  of  the  dependent  origination  (paticcasamuppa^da,  q.v.).  Cf.  Fund.  III,  Guide  p.  117  ff.  (App.)  .
See  The  Significance  of  Dependent  Origination,  by  Nyanatiloka  (WHEEL  140).

南传佛教英文辞典 【49】patched

  up  robes,  the  practice  of  wearing:  is  one  of  the  ascetic  rules  of  purification  (dhutanga,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【50】perfect

  one,  the:  tatha^gata  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【51】Preface

Buddhist  Dictionary
Manual  of  Buddhist  Terms  and  Doctrines,  by  NYANATILOKA
Fourth  Revised  Edition,  edited  by  Nyanaponika  
Buddhist  Publication  Society  
P.  O.  Box  61  
54,  Sangharaja  Mawatha  
Kandy,  Sri  Lanka  
  
First  Edition  1952  
Second  Revised  Edition  1956  
Third  Revised  &  Enlarged  Edition  1972  
(Pub.  by  Frewin  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  Colombo)  
Fourth  Revised  Edition  1980  
(Buddhist  Publication  Society)  
Reprinted  1988  
  
1980  by  Buddhist  
Publication  Society  
ISBN  -  955  -  24  -  0019  -  8  

From  The  Preface  To  The  First  Edition

As  a  first  attempt  of  an  authentic  dictionary  of  Buddhist  doctrinal  terms,  used  in  the  Páli  Canon  and  its  Commentaries,  this  present  manual  will  fill  a  real  gap  felt  by  many  students  of  Buddhism.  It  provides  the  reader  not  with  a  mere  superficial  enumeration  of  important  Páli  terms  and  their  English  equivalents,  but  offers  him  precise  and  authentic  definitions  and  explanations  of  canonical  and  post-canonical  terms  and  doctrines,  based  on  Sutta,  Abhidhamma  and  Commentaries,  and  illustrated  by  numerous  quotations  taken  from  these  sources,  so  that,  if  anyone  wishes,  he  could,  by  intelligently  joining  together  the  different  articles,  produce  without  difficulty  a  complete  exposition  of  the  entire  teachings  of  Buddhism.

As  already  pointed  out  by  the  author  in  the  preface  to  his  Guide  through  the  Abhidhamma-Pitaka  (Colombo  1938),  there  are  found  in  the  Abhidhamma  Canon  numerous  technical  terms  not  met  with  in  the  Sutta  Canon;  and  again  other  terms  are  found  only  in  the  Commentaries  and  not  in  Sutta  and  Abhidhamma.  The  author  therefore  has  made  a  first  attempt  -  without,  however,  laying  any  claim  to  absolute  reliability  or  completeness  in  this  by  no  means  easy  undertaking  -  to  indicate  in  the  Appendix  all  the  terms  that  in  the  oldest  Sutta  texts  are  either  not  found  at  all,  or  at  least  not  in  the  same  form  or  meaning,  and  to  set  forth  how  far  these  are  deviations  from  the  older  texts,  or  further  developments.

In  this  connection,  the  author  wishes  to  state  that  the  often  quoted  Patisambhidá-Magga,  as  well  as  Niddesa,  Buddhavamsa  and  Cariyapitaka,  though  included  in  the  Khuddaka  Nikáya  of  the  Sutta  Pitaka,  nevertheless  bear  throughout  the  character  of  Commentaries,  and  though  apparently  older  than  the  Sutta  Commentaries  handed  down  to  us  in  Buddhaghosa”s  version,  must  doubtless  belong  to  a  later  period  of  origin  than  the  Abhidhamma  Canon.

In  rendering  the  terms  into  English,  I  often  had  to  differ  considerably  from  the  interpretation  of  Western  scholars,  and  to  introduce  quite  new  words.  A  great  number  of  such  earlier  translations  must  be  considered  partly  as  totally  incorrect,  partly  as  misleading,  or  at  the  very  least  ambiguous.  Incorrect  are,  for  instance,  the  English  renderings  of  náma-rúpa  by  ”name  and  form”;  javana  (impulsion,  i.e.  the  karmic  impulsive  moments)  by  ”apperception”,  etc.

The  expositions  concerning  the  true  nature  of  the  8-fold  Path,  the  4  Noble  Truths,  the  paticca-samuppáda  and  the  5  groups  of  existence  -  doctrines  which,  with  regard  to  their  true  nature,  have  been  often  misunderstood  by  Western  authors  -  are  sure  to  come  to  many  as  a  revelation.

On  the  doctrine  of  anattá,  or  ”egolessness”,  i.e.  the  impersonality  and  emptiness  of  all  phenomena  of  existence,  the  author  repeatedly  felt  the  necessity  of  throwing  light  from  every  possible  point  of  view,  for  it  is  exactly  this  doctrine  which,  together  with  the  doctrine  of  the  conditionality  of  all  phenomena  of  existence,  constitutes  the  very  essence  of  the  whole  Teaching  of  the  Buddha  without  which  it  will  be  by  no  means  possible  to  understand  it  in  its  true  light.  Thus  the  doctrine  of  impersonality  runs  like  a  red  thread  right  through  the  whole  book.

May  this  little  manual  provide  an  ever-helpful  companion  and  vade  mecum  to  all  earnest  students  in  their  study  of  the  original  Buddhist  scriptures,  and  also  give  to  Buddhist  authors  and  lecturers  the  opportunity  of  supplementing  and  deepening  their  knowledge  of  the  profound  teachings  of  the  Buddha!
Should  it,  for  a  better  understanding,  prove  necessary  to  give  to  certain  subjects  a  more  detailed  treatment,  the  carrying  out  of  this  task  may  be  reserved  for  a  later  edition  of  this  work.

NYANATILOKA  
Central  Internment  Camp  
Dehra-Dun,  India  
28-8-1946  

Editor”s  Preface  To  The  Third  Edition

The  present  revised  and  enlarged  Third  Edition  was  intended  to  be  issued  in  commemoration  of  the  tenth  anniversary  of  the  venerable  author”s  passing  away  on  28th  May  1957.  But  due  to  unavoidable  circumstances  the  publication  had  to  be  delayed.

It  was  the  venerable  author”s  wish  to  enlarge  the  first  edition  of  this  work,  but  when  a  second  edition  became  necessary,  he  was  prevented  from  expanding  it  by  the  illness  to  which  he  later  succumbed.  It  rested,  therefore,  with  his  pupil,  the  present  editor,  to  make,  within  the  original  scope  and  character  of  the  work,  such  additions  and  revisions  as  seemed  useful.

Over  seventy  articles  have  been  expanded  and  partly  rewritten;  others  were  slightly  revised;  more  source  references  were  included,  and  information  on  literature  for  further  study  of  the  respective  subjects  was  added  to  some  of  the  articles.  But  only  very  few  new  words  have  been  added  (e.g.  anupassaná,  ánupubbi-kathá,  etc.).  This  restriction  was  observed  because  the  venerable  author  himself  thought  only  of  ”a  more  detailed  treatment”  of  existing  articles  (see  Preface  to  the  1st  ed.)  as  he  obviously  wished  to  preserve  the  original  form  and  character  of  the  book.  It  was  also  considered  that  the  adding  of  more  words  such  as  those  coined  in  later  commentarial  and  abhidhammic  literature,  would  be  superfluous  as  in  the  English  language  such  terms  will  generally  be  found  only  in  a  few  scholarly  books  and  translations  which  themselves  give  the  explanations  needed.

This  book  is  chiefly  intended  for  those  who  study  the  Buddhist  teachings  through  the  medium  of  the  English  language,  but  wish  to  familiarize  themselves  with  some  of  the  original  Páli  terms  of  doctrinal  import.  They  are  in  the  same  position  as  a  student  of  philosophy  or  science  who  has  to  know  the  terminology  of  his  field,  which  for  common  parlance  is  mostly  not  less  ”unfamiliar”  than  are  the  words  of  the  Páli  language  found  in  the  Dictionary.

Such  acquaintance  with  the  Páli  terms  of  the  original  texts  will  also  be  useful  to  the  student  for  the  purpose  of  identifying  the  various  renderings  of  them  favored  by  different  translators.  It  is  deplorable  that  there  is  a  considerable  multiplication  of  new  English  coining  for  the  same  doctrinal  term.  This  great  variety  of  renderings  has  proved  to  be  confusing  to  those  students  of  Buddhism  who  are  not  familiar  with  the  Páli  language.  Even  at  this  late  stage  when  many  translations  of  Páli  texts  are  in  print,  it  will  be  desirable  if,  for  the  sake  of  uniformity,  translators  forgo  their  preference  for  their  own  coining,  even  if  they  think  them  better  than  others.  In  any  case,  doctrinal  terms  have  to  be  known  by  definition,  just  as  in  the  case  of  philosophical  and  technical  terms  in  a  Western  language.

As  a  small  help  in  the  situation  described,  a  number  of  alternative  renderings  used  by  other  translators  have  been  included  in  some  articles  of  this  edition.  In  a  very  few  cases,  unacceptable  though  familiar  renderings  have  been  bracketed.  The  Venerable  Nyanatiloka”s  own  preferences  have  been  placed  in  inverted  commas.  Generally  it  may  be  said  that  his  renderings,  based  on  his  comprehensive  knowledge  of  texts  and  doctrine,  are  very  sound  and  adequate.  Only  in  a  very  few  cases  has  the  editor  changed  the  author”s  preferred  rendering  e.g.”canker”  for  ásava  (instead  of  ”bias”),  ”right  view”  for  sammá-ditthi  (instead  of  ”right  understanding”).  The  latter  change  was  made  for  the  sake  of  economizing  with  the  few  English  equivalents  for  the  numerous  Páli  synonyms  for  ”knowing”,  etc.;  and  also  to  avoid  having  to  render  the  opposite  term,  micchá-ditthi,  by  ”wrong  understanding”.
This  Dictionary  appeared  also  in  the  author”s  own  German  version  (published  by  Verlag  Christiani,  Konstanz,  Germany)  and  in  a  French  translation  made  by  the  late  Mme  Suzanne  Karpeles  (published  by  ”Adyar”,  Paris,  1961).

NYANAPONIKA  
Kandy,  Ceylon  
February  1970  

Only  few  and  minor  revisions  have  been  made  to  the  text  of  the  Fourth  Edition  which  is  now  issued  by  the  Buddhist  Publication  Society.
NYANAPONIKA  
Kandy,  Sri  Lanka  
March  1980

南传佛教英文辞典 【52】upacaya

  is  an  Abh.  term  but  already  alluded  to  in  the  old  sutta  texts,  e.g.  M.  149:  ”a^yatim  pan~cúpa^da^nakkhandha^  upacayam  gacchanti”,  or  in  D.2:  ”Ayam  ka^yo  ...  odana-kumma^s”  upacayo”.

南传佛教英文辞典 【53】upacaya

  rúpassa:  ”growth  of  corporeality”;  s.  khandha  I;  App.

南传佛教英文辞典 【54】vica^ra

  ”discursive  thinking”;  s.  vitakka-vica^ra.

南传佛教英文辞典 【55】acquired

  image  (during  concentration):  s.  nimitta,  sama^dhi,  kasina.

南传佛教英文辞典 【56】ca^ritta

  and  va^ritta-sila:  are  only  found  in  the  Com.,  as  Vis.M.  1,  etc.,  but  the  teaching  indicated  by  it  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  old  sutta  texts  as  karani^ya  and  akarani^ya  (e.g.  A.  II,  16).

南传佛教英文辞典 【57】ca^ritta

  and  va^ritta  si^la:  ”morality  consisting  in  performance  and  morality  consisting  in  avoidance,”  means  "the  performance  of  those  moral  rules  which  the  Blessed  one  has  ordained  to  be  followed,  and  the  avoidance  of  those  things  that  the  Blessed  One  has  rejected  as  not  to  be  followed"  (Vis.M.  III).  -  (App.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【58】cemetery

  ascetic  practice  of  living  in  a  c.;  s.  dhutanga.

南传佛教英文辞典 【59】cetasika

  ”mental  things,  mental  factors”,  are  those  mental  concomitants  which  are  bound  up  with  the  simultaneously  arising  consciousness  (citta  =  vin~n~a^na)  and  conditioned  by  its  presence  .  Whereas  in  the  Suttas  all  phenomena  of  existence  are  summed  up  under  the  aspect  of  5  groups:  corporeality,  feeling,  perception,  mental  formations,  consciousness  (s.  khandha),  the  Abhidhamma  as  a  rule  treats  them  under  the  more  philosophical  3  aspects:  consciousness,  mental  factors  and  corporeality  (citta,  cetasika,  rúpa).  Thus,  of  these  3  aspects,  the  mental  factors  (cetasika)  comprise  feeling,  perception  and  the  50  mental  formations,  altogether  52  mental  concomitants.  Of  these,  25  are  lofty  qualities  (either  karmically  wholesome  or  neutral),  14  karmically  unwholesome,  while  13  are  as  such  karmically  neutral,  their  karmical  quality  depending  on  whether  they  are  associated  with  wholesome,  unwholesome  or  neutral  consciousness.  For  details  s.  Tab.  II,  III.  Cf.  prec.  (App  .  )

南传佛教英文辞典 【60】cetasika

  This  term  oceurs  often  in  the  old  sutta  texts,  but  only  as  adj.  (e.g.  cetasikam  sukham,  etc.)  or,  at  times,  used  as  a  sing.  neut.  noun  (e.g.  D.  1;  p.  213,  PTS).  As  a  designation  for  mental  factors,  or  concomitants  of  consciousness  (citta-sampayutta^  dhamma^),  it  is  frequently  met  with  in  Dhs.  (§  1189,  1512)  as  cetasika-dhamma,  while  in  Vis.M.,  Abh.  S.,  etc.,  cetasika  is  used  also  as  a  neuter  noun,  in  the  sense  of  mental  phenomenon.

南传佛教英文辞典 【61】clinging

  the  4  kinds  of:  upa^da^na  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【62】deciding

  function  (of  consciousness):  s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca.

南传佛教英文辞典 【63】dogmatic

  articles,  the  3:  tittha^yatana  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【64】kin~cana

  ”something”,  i.e.  something  evil  that  sticks  or  adheres  to  character.”Evil  appendant”,  is  a  name  for  the  3  unwholesome  roots  (múla)."There  are  3  appendants:  greed  (lobha)  is  an  appendant,  hate  (dosa)  is  an  appendant,  delusion  (moha)  is  an  appendant"  (D.  33).”Freed  from  appendants”  (akin~cana)  is  a  term  for  the  perfectly  Holy  One  (Arahat).

南传佛教英文辞典 【65】kukkucca

  lit.”wrongly-performed-ness”  (ku+krta+ya),  i.e.  scruples,  remorse,  uneasiness  of  conscience,  worry,  is  one  of  the  karmically  unwholesome  (akusala)  mental  faculties  (Tab.  II)  which,  whenever  it  arises,  is  associated  with  hateful  (discontented)  consciousness  (Tab.  I  and  III,  30,  31).  It  is  the  ”repentance  over  wrong  things  done,  and  right  things  neglected”  (Com.  to  A.  I).  Restlessness  and  scruples  (uddhacca-kukkucca),  combined,  are  counted  as  one  of  the  5  mental  hindrances  (ni^varana,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【66】papan~ca

  (Sanskrit  prapan~ca):  In  doctrinal  usage,  it  signifies  the  expansion,  differentiation,  ”diffuseness”  or  ”manifoldness”  of  the  world;  and  it  may  also  refer  to  the  ”phenomenal  world”  in  general,  and  to  the  mental  attitude  of  ”worldliness”.  In  A.  IV,  173,  it  is  said:  "As  far  as  the  field  of  sixfold  sense-impression  extends,  so  far  reaches  the  world  of  diffuseness  (or  the  phenomenal  world;  papan~cassa  gati);  as  far  as  the  world  of  diffuseness  extends,  so  far  extends  the  field  of  sixfold  sense-impression.  Through  the  complete  fading  away  and  cessation  of  the  field  of  sixfold  sense-impression,  there  comes  about  the  cessation  and  the  coming-to-rest  of  the  world  of  diffuseness  (papan~ca-nirodho  papan~ca-vupasamo)."  The  opposite  term  nippapan~ca  is  a  name  for  Nibba^na  (S.  LIII),  in  the  sense  of  ”freedom  from  samsaric  diffuseness”.  -  Dhp.  254:  "Mankind  delights  in  the  diffuseness  of  the  world,  the  Perfect  Ones  are  free  from  such  diffuseness"  (papan~ca^bhirata^  paja^,  nippapan~ca  tatha^gata^).  -  The  8th  of  the  ”thoughts  of  a  great  man”  (maha^-purisa-vitakka;  A.  VIII,  30)  has:  "This  Dhamma  is  for  one  who  delights  in  non-diffuseness  (the  unworldly,  Nibba^na);  it  is  not  for  him  who  delights  in  worldliness  (papan~ca)."  -  For  the  psychological  sense  of  ”differentiation”,  see  M.  18  (Madhupindika  Sutta):  "Whatever  man  conceives  (vitakketi)  that  he  differentiates  (papan~ceti);  and  what  he  differentiates,  by  reason  thereof  ideas  and  considerations  of  differentiation  (papan~ca-san~n~a^-sankha^)  arise  in  him."  On  this  text  and  the  term  papan~ca,  see  Dr.  Kurt  Schmidt  in  German  Buddhist  Writers  (WHEEL  74/75)  p.  61ff.  -  See  D.  21  (Sakka”s  Quest;  WHEEL  10,  p.
In  the  commentaries,  we  often  find  a  threefold  classification  tanha^-,  ditthi-,  ma^na-papan~ca,  which  probably  means  the  world”s  diffuseness  created  hy  craving,  false  views  and  conceit.  -  See  M.  123;  A.  IV,  173;  A.  VI,  14,  Sn.  530,  874,  916.
n~a^nananda  Bhikkhu,  in  Concept  and  Reality:  An  Essay  on  Papan~ca  and  Papan~ca-san~n~a^-sankha^  (Kandy  1971,  Buddhist  Publication  Society),  suggests  that  the  term  refers  to  man”s  "tendency  towards  proliferation  in  the  realm  of  concepts"  and  proposes  a  rendering  by  "conceptual  proliferation,"  which  appears  convincing  in  psychological  context,  e.g.  in  two  of  the  texts  quoted  above,  A.  IV,  173  and  M.  18.  -  The  threefold  classification  of  papan~ca,  by  way  of  craving,  false  views  and  conceit,  is  explained  by  the  author  as  three  aspects,  or  instances,  of  the  foremost  of  delusive  conceptualisations,  the  ego-concept.

南传佛教英文辞典 【67】patience

  or  forbearance  (khanti):  one  of  the  10  perfections  (pa^rami^,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【68】practice

  For  theory,  practice  and  realization,  s.  pariyatti.

南传佛教英文辞典 【69】reaction

  sense-:  s.  patigha.

南传佛教英文辞典 【70】scruples

  kukkucca  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【71】sucarita

  ”good  conduct”,  is  3-fold,  in  body,  speech  and  mind,  and  comprises  the  10  wholesome  courses  of  action  (s.  kammapatha).  According  to  A.  X,  61,  it  has  sense-control  as  its  condition.  See  D.  33,  A.  II,  17;  III,  2.

南传佛教英文辞典 【72】suchness

  tathata^  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【73】uddhacca

  ”restlessness”,  belongs  to  the  10  fetters  (samyojana,  q.v.),  and  to  the  5  hindrances  (ni^varana,  q.v.).  It  is  one  of  those  4  mental  factors  inseparably  associated  with  all  unwholesome  consciousness  (akusala-sa^dha^rana,  q.v.).  Cf.  Tab.  II.

南传佛教英文辞典 【74】upaca^ra

  ”moment  of  access”;  s.  javana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【75】acinteyya

  lit.”That  which  cannot  or  should  not  be  thought,  the  unthinkable,  ...
lit.”That  which  cannot  or  should  not  be  thought,  the  unthinkable,  incomprehensible,  impenetrable,  that  which  transcends  the  limits  of  thinking  and  over  which  therefore  one  should  not  ponder.
These  4  unthinkables  are:  
the  sphere  of  a  Buddha  (buddha-visaya),  
of  the  meditative  absorptions  (jha^na-visaya),  
of  karma-result  (kamma-vipa^ka),  and  
brooding  over  the  world  (loka-cinta^),  especially  over  an  absolute  first  beginning  of  it  
(s.  A.IV.77).
"Therefore,  o  monks,  do  not  brood  over  the  world  as  to  whether  it  is  eternal  or  temporal,  limited  or  endless  ....  Such  brooding,  O  monks,  is  senseless,  has  nothing  to  do  with  genuine  pure  conduct  (s.  a^dibrahmacariyaka-si^la),  does  not  lead  to  aversion,  detachment,  extinction,  nor  to  peace,  to  full  comprehension,  enlightenment  and  Nibba^na,  etc."  (S.56.41).

南传佛教英文辞典 【76】adherence

  para^ma^sa  (q.v.)

南传佛教英文辞典 【77】adhicitta

  sikkha^  ”training  in  higher  mentality”;  s.  sikkha^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【78】cetokhila

  ”mental  obduracies”,  are  5  things  which  stiffen  and  hinder  the  mind  from  making  right  exertion,  namely:  doubt  about  the  Master,  about  the  Doctrine,  about  the  (holy)  Brotherhood,  about  the  training,  and  anger  against  one”s  fellow-monks.  For  details  s.  A.V,  206,  X  14;  D.  33;  M.  16.  Cf.  prec.

南传佛教英文辞典 【79】character

  On  the  6  kinds  of  human  character,  s.  carita.

南传佛教英文辞典 【80】cosmogony

  cf.  kappa.

南传佛教英文辞典 【81】cowardice

  s.  agati.

南传佛教英文辞典 【82】duccarita

  ”evil  conduct”,  is  threefold:  in  deeds,  words  and  thoughts.  See  kammapatha  (I).

南传佛教英文辞典 【83】existence

  bhava  (q.v.)  -  The  5  groups  of  e.:  khandha  (q.v.)  -  The  4  substrata  of  e.:  upadhi  (q.v.).  -  Courses  of  e.:  gati  (q.v.).  -  Wheel  of  e.:  samsa^ra  (q.v.).  -  Craving  for  e.:  bhava-tanha^;  s.  tanha^;  -  The  3  characteristics  of  e.:  ti-lakkhana  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【84】faculties

  indriya  (q.v.);  see  also  paccaya  16.

南传佛教英文辞典 【85】ignorance

  avijja^  (q.v.);  further  s.  paticcasamuppa^da  (1).

南传佛教英文辞典 【86】immediacy

  an  alternative  rendering  for  contiguity-condition,  samanatara-paccaya,  which  is  one  of  the  24  conditions  (paccaya,  q.v.)

南传佛教英文辞典 【87】micchatta

  ”wrongnesses”  =  prec.

南传佛教英文辞典 【88】obstacles

  the  10  o.  of  meditation:  palibodha  (q.v.);  for  the  5  mental  obstacles,  or  hindrances,  s.  ni^varana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【89】advertence

  (of  mind  to  the  object):  a^vajjana,  is  one  of  the  functions  of  consciousness  (vin~n~a^na-kicca,  q.v.).  Cf.  manasika^ra.

南传佛教英文辞典 【90】analytical

  knowledge,  the  4  kinds  of:  patisambhida^  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【91】compassion

  karuna^;  s.  brahma-viha^ra.

南传佛教英文辞典 【92】conception

  1.  thought-c°:  cf.  vitakka-vica^ra.

南传佛教英文辞典 【93】conception

  2.  (in  the  mother”s  womb):  okkanti  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【94】conditions

  of  existence,  deliverance  from  the:  see  ceto-vimutti;  vimokkha.

南传佛教英文辞典 【95】conditions

  the  24:  paccaya  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【96】confidence

  s.  saddha^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【97】contiguity

  samanantara-paccaya,  is  one  of  the  24  conditions  (paccaya,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【98】continuity

  (of  body,  subconsciousness,  consciousness  or  groups  of  existence):  santa^na  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【99】cuti citta

”death-consciousness”,  lit.”departing  consciousness”,  is  one  of  the  14  functions  of  consciousness  (vin~n~a^na-kicca  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【100】detachment

  viveka  (q.v.).

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