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南传佛教英文辞典 【1】utu

  temperature,  heat,  is  identical  with  the  heat-element  (tejodha^tu,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【2】utu

  samuttha^na  (-  utuja)-rúpa:  ”corporeality  produced  by  temperature”;  s.  samuttha^na.

南传佛教英文辞典 【3】catu

  maha^ra^jika  deva  a  class  of  heavenly  beings  of  the  sensuous  sphere;  s.  deva.

南传佛教英文辞典 【4】hetu

  ”cause”,  condition,  reason;  (Abhidhamma)  root-condition.  In  sutta  usage  it  is  almost  synonymous  with  paccaya,  ”condition”,  and  often  occurs  together  with  it  (”What  is  the  cause,  what  is  the  condition”,  ko  hetu  ko  paccayo).
In  Abhidhamma,  it  denotes  the  wholesome  and  unwholesome  roots  (múla,  q.v.).  In  that  sense,  as  ”root-condition”  (hetu-paccaya;  s.  paccaya),  it  is  the  first  of  the  24  conditions  given  in  the  introduction  to  the  Pattha^na  (s.  Guide,  p.  117).  The  Dhs  (1052-1082)  and  Pattha^na  (Duka-patth;  Guide,  p.  144)  have  sections  on  roots  (hetu).  -  The  term  is  also  used  (a)  for  the  classification  of  consciousness,  as  sa-hetuka  and  a-hetuka,  with  and  without  concomitant  root-conditions;  (b)  for  a  division  of  rebirth  consciousness  into  ahetuka,  dvihetuka  and  tihetuka,  without,  with  2,  or  with  3  root-conditions  (s.  patisandhi).
Ahetuka-ditthi,  the  false  view  of  the  uncausedness  of  existence;  s.  ditthi.

南传佛教英文辞典 【5】lust

  s.  ra^ga.

南传佛教英文辞典 【6】unit

  s.  kala^pa,  rúpa-kala^pa.

南传佛教英文辞典 【7】asura

  ”demons”,  titans,  evil  ghosts,  inhabiting  one  of  the  lower  worlds  (apa^ya,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【8】cause

  cf.  paccaya  (1).  -  For  the  five  c.  of  existence,  s.  paticca-samuppa^da  (10).

南传佛教英文辞典 【9】doubt

  skeptical:  vicikiccha^  (q.v.),  kankha^  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【10】kuppa

  dhamma  ”liable  to  perturbation”,  is  one  who  has  not  yet  attained  full  mastery  over  the  absorptions.  In  Pug.  3  it  is  said:  "What  person  is  liable  to  perturbation?  Such  a  person  gains  the  attainments  of  the  fine-material  and  immaterial  sphere  (s.  avacara).  But  he  does  not  gain  them  at  his  wish,  nor  without  toil  and  exertion;  and  not  at  his  wish  as  regards  place,  object  and  duration,  does  he  enter  them  or  arise  from  them.  Thus  it  is  well  possible  that  in  case  of  such  a  person,  through  negligence,  the  attainments  will  become  perturbed.  This  person  is  liable  to  perturbation."

南传佛教英文辞典 【11】rules

  and  ritual,  clinging  to  mere:  (s.  samyojana,  upa^da^na).

南传佛教英文辞典 【12】subha

  kinha  (or-kinna):  s.  deva,  II.

南传佛教英文辞典 【13】sukha

  pleasant,  happy;  happiness,  pleasure,  joy,  bliss.  It  is  one  of  the  three  feelings  (s.  vedana^)  and  may  be  either  bodily  or  mental.  The  texts  distinguish  between  the  happiness  of  the  senses  and  the  h.  of  renunciation  (A.  II),  worldly  (carnal;  sa^misa)  and  unworldly  (non-carnal;  nira^misa)  happiness  (M.  10).  See  A.  II,  ch.  VIII.  -  Happiness  is  an  indispensable  condition  for  attaining  concentration  of  mind  (sama^dhi,  q.v.),  and  therefore  it  is  one  of  the  5  factors  (or  constituents)  of  the  1st  absorption  (jha^nanga;  s.  jha^na)  and  is  present  up  to  the  3rd  absorption  inclusively."The  mind  of  the  happy  one  has  concentration  as  its  fruit  and  reward"  (A.X,1).  -  "In  him  who  is  filled  with  happiness,  right  concentration  has  found  a  foundation"  (A.X,3).

南传佛教英文辞典 【14】beauty

  deliverance  through  the  perception  of:  cf.  vimokkha  (II.  3)  To  hold  for  beautiful  or  pure  (subha)  what  is  impure  (asubha),  is  one  of  the  4  perversions  (s.  vipalla^sa).

南传佛教英文辞典 【15】Buddha

  s.  samma^-sambodhi.

南传佛教英文辞典 【16】cakkhu

  ”eye”  s.  a^yatana.  -  The  foll.  5  kinds  of  ”eyes”  are  mentioned  and  explained  in  CNid.  (PTS,  p.  235;  the  first  3  also  in  It.  52):  1.  the  physical  eye  (mamsa  cakkhu),  2.  the  divine  eye  (dibba-cakkhu;  s.  abhin~n~a^),  3.  the  eye  of  wisdom  (pan~n~a^-cakkhu),  4  the  eye  of  a  Buddha  (Buddha-c.),  5.  the  eye  of  all-round  knowledge  (samanta-c.;  a  frequent  appellation  of  the  Buddha).

南传佛教英文辞典 【17】course

  of  action  (wholesome  or  unwholesome):  kammapatha  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【18】dha^tu

  ”elements”,  are  the  ultimate  constituents  of  a  whole.
(1)  The  4  physical  elements  (dha^tu  or  maha^-bhúta),  popularly  called  earth,  water,  fire  and  wind,  are  to  be  understood  as  the  primary  qualities  of  matter.  They  are  named  in  Pa^li:  pathavi^-dha^tu,  a^po-dha^tu,  tejo-dha^tu,  and  va^yo-dha^tu.  In  Vis.M.  XI,  2  the  four  elements  are  defined  thus:  "Whatever  is  characterized  by  hardness  (thaddha-lakkkhana)  is  the  earth  or  solid-element;  by  cohesion  (a^bandhana)  or  fluidity,  the  water-element;  by  heating  (paripa^cana),  the  fire  or  heat-element;  by  strengthening  or  supporting  (vitthambhana),  the  wind  or  motion-element.  All  four  are  present  in  every  material  object,  though  in  varying  degrees  of  strength.  If,  for  instance,  the  earth  element  predominates,  the  material  object  is  called  ”solid”,  etc.  -  For  the  analysis  of  the  4  elements,  s.  dha^tu-vavattha^na.
(II)  The  18  physical  and  mental  elements  that  constitute  the  conditions  or  foundations  of  the  process  of  perception,  are:

1.  visual  organ  (eye)  9.  gustative  object
2.  auditory  organ  (ear)  10.  body-impression
3.  olfactory  organ  (nose)  11.  eye-consciousness
4.  gustatory  organ  (tongue)  12.  ear-consciousness
5.  tactile  organ  (body)  13.  nose-consciousness
6.  visible  object  14.  tongue-consciousness
7.  sound  or  audible  object  15.  body-consciousness
8.  odour  or  olfactive  object
16.  mind-element  17.  mind-object
(mano-dha^tu)  (dhamma-dha^tu)
18.  mind-consciousness-element
(mano-vin~n~a^na-dha^tu)

1-10  are  physical;  11-16  and  18  are  mental;  17  may  be  either  physical  or  mental.  -  16  performs  the  function  of  advertence  (a^vajjana)  towards  the  object  at  the  inception  of  a  process  of  sensuous  consciousness;  it  further  performs  the  function  of  receiving  (sampaticchana)  the  sensuous  object.  18  performs,  e.g.,  the  function  of  investigation  (santi^rana),  determining  (votthapana)  and  registering  (tada^rammana)  -  (for  its  other  functions,  s.  Table  I).  For  the  14  functions  of  consciousness,  s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca.
Cf.  M.  115;  S.  XIV  and  especially  Vibh.  II  (Guide  p.  28f),  Vis.M.  XV,  17ff.
Of  the  many  further  groupings  of  elements  (enumerated  in  M.  115),  the  best  known  is  that  of  the  3  world-elements:  the  sensuous  world  (ka^ma-dha^tu),  the  fine-material  world  (rúpa-dha^tu),  the  immaterial  world  (arúpa-dha^tu);  further  the  sixfold  group:  the  solid,  liquid,  heat,  motion,  space,  consciousness  (pathavi^,  a^po,  tejo,  va^yo,  a^ka^sa,  vin~n~a^na;  s.  above  I),  described  in  M.  140;  see  also  M.  112.

南传佛教英文辞典 【19】dukkha

  (1)  ”pain”,  painful  feeling,  which  may  be  bodily  and  mental  (s.  vedana^).
(2)  ”Suffering”,  ”ill”.  As  the  first  of  the  Four  Noble  Truths  (s.  sacca)  and  the  second  of  the  three  characteristics  of  existence  (s.  ti-lakkhana),  the  term  dukkha  is  not  limited  to  painful  experience  as  under  (1),  but  refers  to  the  unsatisfactory  nature  and  the  general  insecurity  of  all  conditioned  phenomena  which,  on  account  of  their  impermanence,  are  all  liable  to  suffering,  and  this  includes  also  pleasurable  experience.  Hence  ”unsatisfactoriness”  or  ”liability  to  suffering”  would  be  more  adequate  renderings,  if  not  for  stylistic  reasons.  Hence  the  first  truth  does  not  deny  the  existence  of  pleasurable  experience,  as  is  sometimes  wrongly  assumed.  This  is  illustrated  by  the  following  texts:
"Seeking  satisfaction  in  the  world,  monks,  I  had  pursued  my  way.  That  satisfaction  in  the  world  I  found.  In  so  far  as  satisfaction  existed  in  the  world,  I  have  well  perceived  it  by  wisdom.  Seeking  for  misery  in  the  world,  monks,  I  had  pursued  my  way.  That  misery  in  the  world  I  found.  In  so  far  as  misery  existed  in  the  world,  I  have  well  perceived  it  by  wisdom.  Seeking  for  the  escape  from  the  world,  monks,  I  had  pursued  my  way.  That  escape  from  the  world  I  found.  In  so  far  as  an  escape  from  the  world  existed,  I  have  well  perceived  it  by  wisdom"  (A.  111,  101).
"If  there  were  no  satisfaction  to  be  found  in  the  world,  beings  would  not  be  attached  to  the  world  ....  If  there  were  no  misery  to  be  found  in  the  world,  beings  would  not  be  repelled  by  the  world  ....  If  there  were  no  escape  from  the  world,  beings  could  not  escape  therefrom"  (A.  111,  102).
See  dukkhata^.  For  texts  on  the  Truth  of  Suffering,  see  W.  of  B.  and  ”Path”.
See  The  Three  Basic  Facts  of  Existence,  II.  Suffering  (WHEEL  191/193).

南传佛教英文辞典 【20】favour

  4  ways  of  showing  sangaha-vatthu.  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【21】groups

  of  existence,  s.  khandha;  corporeal  groups,  s.  rúpa-kala^pa;  corporeality-group,  s.  rúpa-ka^ya;  mind-group,  s.  na^ma-ka^ya.

南传佛教英文辞典 【22】grudge

  s.  patigha.

南传佛教英文辞典 【23】kusala

  ”karmically  wholesome”  or  ”profitable”,  salutary,  morally  good,  (skillful)  Connotations  of  the  term,  according  to  Com.  (Atthasa^lini),  are:  of  good  health,  blameless,  productive  of  favourable  karma-result,  skillful.  It  should  be  noted  that  Com.  excludes  the  meaning  ”skillful”,  when  the  term  is  applied  to  states  of  consciousness.
It  is  defined  in  M.  9  as  the  10  wholesome  courses  of  action  (s.  kammapatha).  In  psychological  terms,  ”karmically  wholesome”  are  all  those  karmical  volitions  (kamma-cetana^)  and  the  consciousness  and  mental  factors  associated  therewith,  which  are  accompanied  by  2  or  3  wholesome  roots  (s.  múla),  i.e.  by  greedlessness  (alobha)  and  hatelessness  (adosa),  and  in  some  cases  also  by  non-delusion  (amoha:  wisdom,  understanding).  Such  states  of  consciousness  are  regarded  as  ”karmically  wholesome”  as  they  are  causes  of  favourable  karma  results  and  contain  the  seeds  of  a  happy  destiny  or  rebirth.  From  this  explanation,  two  facts  should  be  noted:  (1)  it  is  volition  that  makes  a  state  of  consciousness,  or  an  act,  ”good”  or  ”bad”;  (2)  the  moral  criterion  in  Buddhism  is  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  3  wholesome  or  moral  roots  (s.  múla).
The  above  explanations  refer  to  mundane  (lokiya,  q.v.)  wholesome  consciousness.  Supermundane  wholesome  (lokuttara-kusala)  states,  i.e.  the  four  paths  of  sanctity  (s.  ariyapuggala),  have  as  results  only  the  corresponding  four  fruitions;  they  do  not  constitute  karma,  nor  do  they  lead  to  rebirth,  and  this  applies  also  to  the  good  actions  of  an  Arahat  (Tab.  I,  73-80)  and  his  meditative  states  (Tab.  1,  81-89),  which  are  all  karmically  inoperative  (functional;  s.  kiriya).
Kusala  belongs  to  a  threefold  division  of  all  consciousness,  as  found  in  the  Abhidhamma  (Dhs.),  into  wholesome  (kusala),  unwholesome  (akusala)  and  karmically  neutral  (avya^kata),  which  is  the  first  of  the  triads  (tika)  in  the  Abhidhamma  schedule  (ma^tika^);  s.  Guide,  pp.  4ff.,  12ff;  Vis.M.  XIV,  83ff.

南传佛教英文辞典 【24】purity

  the  elements  of  the  effort  for:  pa^risuddhipadha^niyanga  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【25】refuge

  formula,  the  3-fold:  ti-sarana  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【26】sexual

  intercourse,  unlawful:  s.  ka^mesu  miccha^ca^ra.

南传佛教英文辞典 【27】suddha

  vipassana^  ya^nika  =  sukkha-vipassaka  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【28】sugati

  ”happy  course  of  existence”;  s.  gati.

南传佛教英文辞典 【29】sukkha

  vipassaka  =  suddha-vipassana^-ya^nika:  these  terms  are  used  only  in  the  Com.,  as  also  their  counterpart  samathaya^nika.

南传佛教英文辞典 【30】truths

  the  4  Noble:  sacca  (q.v.).  -  2-fold  knowledge  of  the  t.;  s.  saccan~a^na.

南传佛教英文辞典 【31】tusita

  a  class  of  heavenly  beings  in  the  sensuous  plane;  s.  deva  (1).

南传佛教英文辞典 【32】upa^di

  lit.”something  which  one  grasps,  to  which  one  clings,  i.e.  the  5  groups  of  existence  (khandha,  q.v.).  In  the  suttas,  the  word  is  mostly  used  in  such  expressions  as  "One  of  the  2  fruits  may  be  expected:  either  perfect  wisdom  or,  if  the  groups  are  still  remaining  (sati  upa^di-sese,  ”if  there  is  a  remainder  of  groups  ),  Ana^ga^mi^ship"  (D.  22).  Further  (A.  IV.  118):  "Here  the  Perfect  One  has  passed  into  the  Nibba^na-element  in  which  no  more  groups  are  remaining  (anupa^di-sesa)."  Cf.  nibba^na.  upa^dinna  rúpa:  ”karmically  acquired  corporeality”,  or  ”matter  clung-to  (by  karma)”,  is  identical  with  karma-produced  corporeality  (kammaja-rúpa;  s.  samuttha^na).  In  Vis.M.  XIV  it  is  said:  "That  corporcality  which,  later  on,  we  shall  refer  to  as  ”karma-produced”  (kammaja),  is,  for  its  being  dependent  on  previous  (pre-natal)  karma,  called  ”karmically  acquired”.””  The  term  (upa^dinna)  occurs  so  in  the  suttas,  e.g.  M.  28  (WHEEL  101),  62,  140.  See  Dhs.  §990;  Khandha  Vibh.

南传佛教英文辞典 【33】upadhi

  ”substratum  of  existence”.  In  the  Com.  there  are  enumerated  4  kinds:  the  5  groups  (khandha,  q.v.),  sensuous  desire  (ka^ma),  mental  defilements  (kilesa,  q.v.),  karma  (q.v.).  In  the  suttas  it  occurs  frequently  in  Sn.  (vv.  33,  364,  546,  728),  and,  with  reference  to  Nibba^na,  in  the  phrase  "the  abandoning  of  all  substrata"  (sabbúpadhi-patinissagga;  D.  14).  See  viveka  (3).

南传佛教英文辞典 【34】usages

  the  4  noble:  ariya-vamsa  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【35】vatthu

  as  a  general  term  for  the  5  sense-organs  (cakkhu-vatthu,  etc  )  is  frequent  in  the  Com.,  and  often  used  together  with  a^rammana  (object).  This  usage,  however,  is  already  indicated  in  the  Abh.  Canon:  ”Cakkhum  p”etam...  vatthum  p”etam”  (Dhs.  §  597;  Vibh.,  p.71,  PTS):  ”cakkhuvin~n~a^nassa  vatthu”  (Dhs.  §§  679ff.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【36】vatthu

  ”physical  base”,  i.e.  the  6  physical  organs  on  which  the  mental  process  is  based,  are  the  5  physical  sense-organs  and,  according  to  the  Com.,  the  heart  (hadaya-vatthu,  q.v.)  as  the  6th.  This  6th  vatthu  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  6th  a^yatana,  which  is  a  collective  name  for  all  consciousness  whatever.  -  (App.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【37】virtue

  s.  si^la.

南传佛教英文辞典 【38】woeful

  courses  (of  existence):  duggati  (s.  gati).

南传佛教英文辞典 【39】a^ruppa

  s.  jha^na.

南传佛教英文辞典 【40】akusala

  ”unwholesome”,  ...
are  all  those  karmic  volitions  (kamma-cetana^;  s.  cetana^)  and  the  consciousness  and  mental  concomitants  associated  therewith,  which  are  accompanied  either  by  greed  (lobha)  or  hate  (dosa)  or  merely  delusion  (moha);  and  all  these  phenomena  are  causes  of  unfavourable  karma-results  and  contain  the  seeds  of  unhappy  destiny  or  rebirth.
Cf.  karma,  paticca-samuppa^da  (1),  Tab.  II.

南传佛教英文辞典 【41】anusaya

  the  7  ”proclivities”,  inclinations,  or  tendencies  are:  sensuous  greed  (ka^ma-ra^ga,  s.  samyojana),  grudge  (patigha),  speculative  opinion  (ditthi,  q.v.),  sceptical  doubt  (vicikiccha^,  q.v.),  conceit  (ma^na,  q.v.),  craving  for  continued  existence  (bhavara^ga),  ignorance  (avijja^,  q.v.)  (D.  33;  A.  VII,  11,  12).
"These  things  are  called  ”proclivities”  since,  in  consequence  of  their  pertinacity,  they  ever  and  again  tend  to  become  the  conditions  for  the  arising  of  ever  new  sensuous  greed,  etc.””  (Vis.M.  XXII,  60).
Yam.  VII,  first  determines  in  which  beings  such  and  such  proclivities  exist,  and  which  proclivities,  and  with  regard  to  what,  and  in  which  sphere  of  existence.  Thereafter  it  gives  an  explanation  concerning  their  overcoming,  their  penetration,  etc.  Cf.  Guide  VI  (vii).  According  to  Kath.  several  ancient  Buddhist  schools  erroneously  held  the  opinion  that  the  anusayas,  as  such,  meant  merely  latent,  hence  karmically  neutral  qualities,  which  however  Contradicts  the  Therava^da  conception.  Cf.  Guide  V,  88,  108,  139.

南传佛教英文辞典 【42】bhikkhu

  A  fully  ordained  disciple  of  the  Buddha  is  called  a  bhikkhu."Mendicant  monk"  may  be  suggested  as  the  closest  equivalent  for  "Bhikkhu",  literally  it  means  "he  who  begs"  but  bhikkhus  do  not  beg.  They  silently  stand  at  the  door  for  alms.  They  live  on  what  is  spontaneously  given  by  the  supporters.  He  is  not  a  priest  as  he  is  no  mediator  between  God  and  man.  He  has  no  vows  for  life,  but  he  is  bound  by  his  rules  which  he  takes  of  his  own  accord.  He  leads  a  life  of  voluntary  poverty  and  celibacy.  If  he  is  unable  to  live  the  Holy  Life,  he  can  discard  the  robe  at  any  time.

南传佛教英文辞典 【43】counter

  image  (during  concentration):  s.  nimitta,  kasina,  sama^dhi.

南传佛教英文辞典 【44】duggati

  ”woeful  course”  (of  existence);  s.  gati.

南传佛教英文辞典 【45】karuna^

  ”compassion”,  is  one  of  the  4  sublime  abodes  (brahma-viha^ra,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【46】lahuta^

  ”lightness”,  or  ”agility”,  may  be  of  3  kinds:  of  corporeality  (rúpassa  lahuta^;  s.  khandha,  I  ),  of  mental  factors  (ka^ya-lahuta^),  and  of  consciousness  (citta-lahuta^).  Cf.  Tab.  II.

南传佛教英文辞典 【47】matured

  one,  the:  gotrabhú  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【48】mudita^

  ”altruistic  (or  sympathetic)  joy”,  is  one  of  the  4  sublime  abodes  (brahma-viha^ra,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【49】muduta^

  (rúpa,  ka^ya,  citta):  ”elasticity”  (of  corporeality,  mental  factors,  consciousness);  s.  khandha  (I)  and  Tab.  II.

南传佛教英文辞典 【50】muduta^

  s.  lahuta^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【51】mundane

  lokiya  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【52】neutral

  karmically:  avya^kata  (q.v.);  n.  feelings,  s.  vedana^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【53】puggala

  ”individual”,  ”person”,  as  well  as  the  synonyms:  personality,  individuality,  being  (satta),  self  (atta^),  etc.,  in  short  all  terms  designating  a  personal  entity,  hence  also:  I,  you,  he,  man,  god,  etc.,  all  these,  according  to  Buddhism,  are  mere  names  for  certain  combinations  of  material  and  mental  processes,  and  apart  from  them  they  have  no  real  existence.  They  are  to  be  considered  as  mere  ”conventional  modes  of  expression”  (voha^ra-vacana),  and  on  that  level  they  may  be  used,  and  are  so  used  in  the  sutta  texts,  if  taken  "without  misapprehending  them"  (s.  quote  from  D.  9  under  paramattha).  With  such  tacit  reservations,  the  term  puggala  occurs  quite  frequently  in  the  suttas.
In  the  ultimate  sense  (paramattha,  q.v.),  however,  there  exist  only  ever-changing  physical  and  mental  phenomena,  flashing  up  and  dying  every  moment.  -  Kath.,  in  its  first  section,  discusses  the  question  whether  "in  the  absolute  sense,  any  personality  (puggala)  can  be  found"  (s.  Guide,  pp.  62ff).  -  See  paramattha,  anatta^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【54】pun~n~a

  merit,  meritorious,  is  a  popular  term  for  karmically  wholesome  (kusala)  action.  Opposite  terms:  apun~n~a,  ”demerit”;  pa^pa,  ”bad”,  ”evil”,  The  value  of  meritorious  action  is  often  stressed,  e.g.,  in  the  Treasure  Store  Sutta  (s.  Khp.  Tr.),  Dhp  18,  118,  122.  -  The  Community  of  Holy  Monks  (ariya-sangha),  the  third  Refuge  (s.  ti-sarana),  is  said  to  be  "the  incomparable  field  of  merit  in  the  world"  (anuttaram  pun~n~akkhettam  lokassa);  s.  anussati  3.  The  Arahats,  however,  having  transcended  all  life-affirming  and  rebirth-producing  actions,  are  said  to  be  "beyond  merit  and  demerit";  see  Sn.  520,  547,  636,  790.  -  See  foll.  3  articles.

南传佛教英文辞典 【55】rapture

  pi^ti  (q.v.);  further  s.  bojjhanga.

南传佛教英文辞典 【56】sammuti

  s.  sacca.

南传佛教英文辞典 【57】skilful

  kusala  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【58】sublime

  abodes  (or  States):  brahma-viha^ra  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【59】sun~n~a

  (adj.),  sun~n~ata^  (noun):  void  (ness),  empty  (emptiness).  As  a  doctrinal  term  it  refers,  in  Therava^da,  exclusively  to  the  anatta^  doctrine,.i.e.  the  unsubstantiality  of  all  phenomena:  "Void  is  the  world  ...  because  it  is  void  of  a  self  and  anything  belonging  to  a  self"  (sun~n~am  attena  va^  attaniyena  va^;  S.  XXXV,  85);  also  stated  of  the  5  groups  of  existence  (khandha,  q.v.)  in  the  same  text.  See  also  M.  43,  M.  106.  -  In  CNidd.  (quoted  in  Vis.M.  XXI,  55),  it  is  said:  "Eye  ...  mind,  visual  objects  ...  mind-objects,  visual  consciousness  ...  mind-consciousness,  corporeality  ...  consciousness,  etc.,  are  void  of  self  and  anything  belonging  to  a  self;  void  of  permanency  and  of  anything  lasting,  eternal  or  immutable..  They  are  coreless:  without  a  core  of  permanency,  or  core  of  happiness  or  core  of  self."  -  In  M.  121,  the  voiding  of  the  mind  of  the  cankers,  in  the  attainment  of  Arahatship,  is  regarded  as  the  "fully  purified  and  incomparably  highest  (concept  of)  voidness.  -  See  Sn.  v.  1119;  M.  121;  M.  122  (WHEEL  87);  Pts.M.  II:  Sun~n~a-katha^;  Vis.M.  XXI,  53ff.

南传佛教英文辞典 【60】thought

  Right:  samma^-sankappa;.s.  sacca,  magga.

南传佛教英文辞典 【61】turning

  away,  contemplation  of  the:  vivattanupassana^;  s.  vipassana^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【62】upacaya

  is  an  Abh.  term  but  already  alluded  to  in  the  old  sutta  texts,  e.g.  M.  149:  ”a^yatim  pan~cúpa^da^nakkhandha^  upacayam  gacchanti”,  or  in  D.2:  ”Ayam  ka^yo  ...  odana-kumma^s”  upacayo”.

南传佛教英文辞典 【63】upacaya

  rúpassa:  ”growth  of  corporeality”;  s.  khandha  I;  App.

南传佛教英文辞典 【64】vimutti

  ”deliverance”,  is  of  2  kinds:  deliverance  of  mind  (ceto-vimutti,  q.v.)  and  deliverance  through  wisdom  (pan~n~a^-vimutti,  q.v.).
”Deliverance  of  mind”,  in  the  highest  sense,  is  that  kind  of  concentration  (sama^dhi)  which  is  bound  up  with  the  path  of  Arahatship  (arahatta-magga);”deliverance  through  wisdom”  is  the  knowledge  (n~a^na)  bound  up  with  the  fruition  of  Arahatship  (arahatta-phala).  Cf.  A.  V,  142.
There  are  also  5  kinds  of  deliverance,  identical  with  the  5  kinds  of  overcoming  (paha^na,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【65】acquired

  image  (during  concentration):  s.  nimitta,  sama^dhi,  kasina.

南传佛教英文辞典 【66】anussati

  ”recollection”,  meditation,  contemplation.  The  six  recollections  often  described  in  the  Suttas  (e.g.  A.  VI,  10,  25;  D.  33)  are:  (1)  recollection  of  the  Buddha,  (2)  his  Doctrine,  (3)  his  Community  of  noble  disciples,  (4)  of  morality,  (5)  liberality,  (6)  heavenly  beings  (buddha^nussati,  dhamma^nussati,  sangha^nussati,  si^la^nussati,  ca^ga^nussati,  devata^nussati).
(1)  "The  noble  disciple,  Maha^na^ma,  recollects  thus:  ”This  Blessed  One  is  holy,  a  fully  Enlightened  One,  perfected  in  wisdom  and  conduct,  faring  happily,  knower  of  the  worlds,  unsurpassed  leader  of  men  to  be  trained,  teacher  of  heavenly  beings  and  men,  a  Buddha,  a  Blessed  One.”
(2)  ”Well  proclaimed  by  the  Blessed  One  is  the  Doctrine  (dhamma),  directly  visible,  with  immediate  fruit,  inviting  investigation,  leading  on  to  Nibba^na,  to  be  comprehended  by  the  wise,  each  by  himself.”
(3)  ”Of  good  conduct  is  the  Community  (Sangha)  of  the  Blessed  One”s  disciples,  of  upright  conduct,  living  on  the  right  path,  performing  their  duties,  to  wit:  the  4  pairs  of  men  or  8  individuals  (s.  ariya  puggala).  This  Community  of  the  Blessed  One”s  disciples  is  worthy  of  offerings,  worthy  of  hospitality,  worthy  of  gifts,  worthy  of  reverence  with  raised  hands,  the  unsurpassed  field  for  doing  meritorious  deeds.”
(4)  "The  noble  disciple  further  recollects  his  own  morality  (si^la)  which  is  unbroken,  without  any  breach,  undefiled,  untarnished,  conducive  to  liberation,  praised  by  the  wise,  not  dependent  (on  craving  or  opinions),  leading  to  concentration.
(5)  "The  noble  disciple  further  recollects  his  own  liberality  (ca^ga)  thus:  ”Blessed  truly  am  I,  highly  blessed  am  I  who,  amongst  beings  defiled  with  the  filth  of  stinginess,  live  with  heart  free  from  stinginess,  liberal,  open-handed,  rejoicing  in  giving,  ready  to  give  anything  asked  for,  glad  to  give  and  share  with  others.”
(6)  "The  noble  disciple  further  recollects  the  heavenly  beings  (devata^):  ”There  are  the  heavenly  beings  of  the  retinue  of  the  Four  Great  Kings,  the  heavenly  beings  of  the  World  of  the  Thirty-Three,  the  Ya^madevas  ...  and  there  are  heavenly  beings  besides  (s.  deva).  Such  faith,  such  morality,  such  knowledge,  such  liberality,  such  insight,  possessed  of  which  those  heavenly  beings,  after  vanishing  from  here,  are  reborn  in  those  worlds,  such  things  are  also  found  in  me.”"  (A.  III,70;  VI,10;  XI,12).
"At  the  time  when  the  noble  disciple  recollects  the  Perfect  One  ...  at  such  a  time  his  mind  is  neither  possessed  of  greed,  nor  of  hate,  nor  of  delusion.  Quite  upright  at  such  a  time  is  his  mind  owing  to  the  Perfect  One  ...  With  upright  mind  the  noble  disciple  attains  understanding  of  the  sense,  understanding  of  the  law,  attains  joy  through  the  law.  In  the  joyous  one  rapture  arises.  With  heart  enraptured,  his  whole  being  becomes  stilled.  Stilled  within  his  being,  he  feels  happiness;  and  the  mind  of  the  happy  one  becomes  firm.  Of  this  noble  disciple  it  is  said  that  amongst  those  gone  astray,  he  walks  on  the  right  path,  among  those  suffering  he  abides  free  from  suffering.  Thus  having  reached  the  stream  of  the  law,  he  develops  the  recollection  of  the  Enlightened  One...."  (A.  VI,  10).
In  A.  I,  21  (PTS:  I,  xvi)  and  A.  I,  27  (PTS:  xx.  2)  another  4  recollections  are  added:  mindfulness  on  death  (marana-sati,  q.v.),  on  the  body  (ka^yagata^-.sati,  q.v.),  on  breathing  (a^na^pa^na-sati,  q.v.),  and  the  recollection  of  peace  (upasama^nussati,  q.v.).
The  first  six  recollections  are  fully  explained  in  Vis.M.  VII,  the  latter  four  in  Vis.M.  VIII.

南传佛教英文辞典 【67】delusion

  s.  moha,  avijja^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【68】dhutanga

  This  compound  term  is  used  only  in  the  Com.  The  only  place  in  the  suttas  where  the  first  part,  dhuta,  is  used  in  the  above  sense,  is  found  in  S.  XIV.  The  names  of  the  performers  of  these  13  ascetical  exercises,  however,  are  all  mentioned  in  the  suttas,  but  scattered  here  and  there,  for  instance:  pamsukúlika,  a^ran~n~ika,  pindapa^tika,  eka^sanika,  teci^varika,  sapa^da^naca^ri^,  sosa^nika,  abhhoka^sika,  nesajjika,  yatha^santhatika,  in  M.  5,  113;  A.  V,  181-190,  etc.;  rukkhamúlika,  khalupaccha^bhattika  and  pattapindika  in  A.  V,  189f.  etc.

南传佛教英文辞典 【69】fruition

  (result  of  supermundane  path):  phala;  s.  ariyapuggala  (A)  .

南传佛教英文辞典 【70】impurity

  of  the  body,  contemplation  of  the:  s.  asubha,  si^vathika^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【71】influxes

  (cankers),  the  4:  a^sava  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【72】kukkucca

  lit.”wrongly-performed-ness”  (ku+krta+ya),  i.e.  scruples,  remorse,  uneasiness  of  conscience,  worry,  is  one  of  the  karmically  unwholesome  (akusala)  mental  faculties  (Tab.  II)  which,  whenever  it  arises,  is  associated  with  hateful  (discontented)  consciousness  (Tab.  I  and  III,  30,  31).  It  is  the  ”repentance  over  wrong  things  done,  and  right  things  neglected”  (Com.  to  A.  I).  Restlessness  and  scruples  (uddhacca-kukkucca),  combined,  are  counted  as  one  of  the  5  mental  hindrances  (ni^varana,  q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【73】postures

  the  4  bodily:  iriya^patha  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【74】scruples

  kukkucca  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【75】sensuous

  sphere  (-world):  s.  avacara,  loka.

南传佛教英文辞典 【76】sucarita

  ”good  conduct”,  is  3-fold,  in  body,  speech  and  mind,  and  comprises  the  10  wholesome  courses  of  action  (s.  kammapatha).  According  to  A.  X,  61,  it  has  sense-control  as  its  condition.  See  D.  33,  A.  II,  17;  III,  2.

南传佛教英文辞典 【77】suchness

  tathata^  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【78】uddhacca

  ”restlessness”,  belongs  to  the  10  fetters  (samyojana,  q.v.),  and  to  the  5  hindrances  (ni^varana,  q.v.).  It  is  one  of  those  4  mental  factors  inseparably  associated  with  all  unwholesome  consciousness  (akusala-sa^dha^rana,  q.v.).  Cf.  Tab.  II.

南传佛教英文辞典 【79】ujukata^

  (ka^ya-,  citta-  ):  ”uprightness”  (of  mental  factors  and  of  consciousness),  is  associated  with  all  pure  consciousness.  Cf.  Tab.  II.

南传佛教英文辞典 【80】ujukata^

  s.  lahuta^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【81】upa^saka

  lit.”sitting  close  by”,  i.e.  a  ”lay  adherent”,  is  any  lay  follower  who  is  filled  with  faith  and  has  taken  refuge  in  the  Buddha,  his  doctrine  and  his  community  of  noble  disciples  (A.  VIII,  25).  His  virtue  is  regarded  as  pure  if  he  observes  the  5  Precepts  (pan~ca-si^la;  s.  sikkha^pada).  He  should  avoid  the  following  wrong  ways  of  livelihood:  trading  in  arms,  in  living  beings,  meat,  alcohol  and  poison  (A.  V,  177).  See  also  A.  VIII,  75.

南传佛教英文辞典 【82】upaca^ra

  ”moment  of  access”;  s.  javana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【83】upekkha^

  n~a^na  =  sankha^rupekkha^-n~a^na  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【84】upekkha^

  ”equanimity”,  also  called  tatra-majjhattata^  (q.v.),  is  an  ethical  quality  belonging  to  the  sankha^ra-group  (s.  khandha)  and  should  therefore  not  be  confounded  with  indifferent  feeling  (adukkha-m-asukha^  vedana^)  which  sometimes  also  is  called  upekkha^  (s.  vedana^).
upekkha^  is  one  of  the  4  sublime  abodes  (brahma-viha^ra,  q.v.),  and  of  the  factors  of  enlightenment  (bojjhanga,  q.v.).  See  Vis.M.  IV,  156ff.

南传佛教英文辞典 【85】uposatha

  lit.”fasting”,  i.e.”fasting  day”,  is  the  full-moon  day,  the  new-moon  day,  and  the  two  days  of  the  first  and  last  moonquarters.  On  full-moon  and  new-moon  days,  the  Disciplinary  Code,  the  Pa^timokkha,  is  read  before  the  assembled  community  of  monks  (bhikkhu),  while  on  the  mentioned  4  moon-days  many  of  the  faithful  lay  devotees  go  to  visit  the  monasteries,  and  there  take  upon  themselves  the  observance  of  the  8  rules  (attha-si^la;  sikkha^pada).  See  A.  VIII,  41ff.

南传佛教英文辞典 【86】upstream

  to  the  highest  gods,  passing:  s.  ana^ga^mi^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【87】visuddhi

  ”purification”,  purity.  The  ”7  stages  of  purification”  (satta-visuddhi)  form  the  substructure  of  Upatissa”s  Vimutti-Magga  (The  Path  To  Freedom),  preserved  only  in  Chinese,  as  well  as  of  Buddhaghosa”s  monumental  work,  Visuddhi-Magga  (The  Path  of  Purification),  based  on  the  former  work.
The  only  place  in  the  Canon  where  these  7  kinds  of  purification  are  mentioned  is  M.  24,  "The  Simile  of  the  Stage-coach"  (s.”Path”,  §64),  wherein  their  purpose  and  goal  are  illustrated.  There  it  is  said  that  the  real  and  ultimate  goal  does  not  consist  in  purification  of  morality,  or  of  mind,  or  of  view,  etc.,  but  in  total  deliverance  and  extinction.  Now,  just  as  one  mounts  the  first  coach  and  travels  to  the  second  coach,  then  mounts  the  second  coach  and  travels  with  it  to  the  third  coach,  etc.,  in  exactly  the  same  way  the  goal  of  (I)  the  purification  of  morality  (sila-visuddhi)  is  (II)  the  purification  of  mind  (citta-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (III)  the  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (IV)  the  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^vitarana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (V)  the  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (VI)  the  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  the  path-progress  (patipada^-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  its  goal:  (VII)  the  purification  of  knowledge  and  vision  (n~a^nadassana-visuddhi);  but  the  goal  of  this  purification  is  deliverance  freed  from  all  clinging.
(I)  "Purification  of  morality  (si^la-visuddhi)  consists  of  the  4-fold  purity  of  morality  (catu-pa^risuddhi-si^la),  namely:  restraint  with  regard  to  the  Disciplinary  Code  (pa^timokkhasamvara-si^la),  sense-restraint  (indriysamvara-si^la),  purity  of  livelihood  (a^ji^vapa^risuddhi-si^la),  morality  with  regard  to  the  4  requisites  (paccaya-sannissita-si^la)"  (Vis.M.  XVIII).  On  these  4  terms,  s.  si^la.  -  In  the  case  of  a  layman,  it  entails  the  observance  of  whatever  moral  rules  (5  or  more)  he  has  taken  upon  himself.
(II)  "Purification  of  mind  (citta-visuddhi)  is  a  name  for  the  8  attainments  (=  absorptions:  jha^na,  q.v.),  as  well  as  for  neighbourhood-concentration  (upaca^ra-sama^dhi;  s.  sama^dhi)."  (ib.).
(III)  "By  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi)  is  meant  the  understanding,  according  to  reality,  of  mind  and  corporeality  (na^marúpa,  q.v.)...  which  is  founded  on  undeludedness  (wisdom)  as  base,  and  which  in  manifold  ways  determines  mind  and  corporeality  after  overcoming  all  belief  in  a  persollality  (atta^:  self,  ego.)."  (ib.).
(IV)  "By  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^-vitarana-visuddhi)  is  meant  the  understanding  which,  by  grasping  the  conditions  of  this  mind  and  corporeality,  has  escaped  from  all  doubt  with  regard  to  the  3  times  (past,  present,  future)."  (ib.  XIX)
(V)  "By  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  meant  that  understanding  which  knows  the  right  path  from  the  wrong  path:  ”This  is  the  right  path,  that  the  wrong  path.”"  (ib.  XX)
In  order  to  attain  this  5th  stage  of  purification,  one  at  first  should  develop  methodical  insight  (naya-vipassana^),  i.e.  through  contemplation  of  the  5  groups  of  existence  (khandha,  q.v.).  For  whosoever  does  not  yet  possess  a  perfectly  developed  insight,  to  him  such  phenomena  as  effulgence  of  light,  etc.  (see  below),  arising  during  insight,  may  become  impediments  in  the  3  kinds  of  full  understanding  here  considered  (s.  parin~n~a^).
”As  soon  as  the  manifold  ways  and  characteristics  of  the  4  Truths  (sacca)  and  the  dependent  origination  (paticcasamuppa^da)  have  become  clear  to  the  meditating  disciple,  he  says  to  himself:  Thus  do  these  things  never  before  arisen  arise,  and  having  arisen  they  disappear  again.  Thus  do  the  formations  of  existence  ever  and  again  arise  as  something  quite  new.  But  not  only  are  they  something  new,  they  are  moreover  also  of  limited  duration,  like  a  dew-drop  at  sunrise,  like  a  bubble,  like  a  line  drawn  with  a  stick  in  the  water,  like  a  mustard  seed  placed  on  the  point  of  an  arrow,  or  like  a  flash  of  lightning.  Also  as  something  unsubstantial  and  empty  do  they  appear,  as  jugglery,  as  a  mirage  ....  Merely  something  subject  to  vanishing  arises,  and  having  arisen  disappears  again.”"
During  such  insight  practice,  however,  may  arise  the  10  imperfections  (or  defilements)  of  insight  (vipassanúpakkilesa):  effulgence  of  light  (obha^sa),  knowledge  (n~a^na),  rapture  (pi^ti),  tranquillity  (passaddhi),  happiness  (sukha),  determination  (adhimokkha),  energy  (paggaha),  awareness  (upattha^na),  delight  (nikanti).  -  See  Vis.M.  XX,  105f.  (App.).
Excepting  the  last  one,  ”delight”,  they  are  not  imperfections  or  defilements  in  themselves,  but  may  become  a  basis  for  them  through  the  arising  of  pride  or  delight  or  by  a  wrong  conclusion  that  one  of  the  holy  paths  has  been  attained.  He,  however,  who  is  watchful  and  experienced  in  insight  practice,  will  know  that  these  states  of  mind  do  not  indicate  attainment  of  the  true  path,  but  are  only  symptoms  or  concomitants  of  insight  meditation.
"Thus  far  the  meditating  disciple  has  determined  3  of  the  truths,  namely  while  determining  the  corporeal  and  mental  phenomena  he  has,  through  purification  of  view  (ditthi-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  suffering”.  While  grasping  the  conditions  he  has,  through  purification  by  overcoming  doubt  (kankha^-vitarana-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  the  origin  of  suffering”.  While  determining  the  right  path,  he  has,  through  purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  what  is  path  and  not-path  (magga^magga-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi),  determined  the  ”truth  of  the  path”  (leading  to  the  extinction  of  suffering)."
(VI)  Purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  the  path-progress  (patipada^-n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  the  insight  perfected  in  8  kinds  of  knowledge,  together  with  the  9th  knowledge,  the  ”knowledge  adapting  itself  to  truth”.
By  the  8  kinds  of  knowledge  are  here  meant  the  following,  which  are  freed  from  defilements,  follow  the  right  process,  and  are  considered  as  insight,  namely:

1.  knowledge  consisting  in  contemplation  of  rise  and  fall  (udayabbaya^nupassana^-n~a^na),
2.  in  contemplation  of  dissolution  (bhanga^nupassana^-n~a^na),
3.  in  awareness  of  terror  (or  the  fearful)  (bhayatúpattha^na^-n~a^na),
4.  in  contemplation  of  misery  (a^di^nava^nupassana^-n~a^na),
5.  in  contemplation  of  aversion  (nibbida^nupassana^-n~a^na),
6.  in  the  desire  for  deliverance  (muccitu-kamyata^-n~a^na),
7.  in  reflecting  contemplation  (patisankha^nupassana^-n~a^na),
8.  in  equanimity  regarding  all  formations  of  existence  (sankha^rupekkha^-n~a^na)  -  which  is  followed  by
9.  in  adaptation  to  truth  (sacca^nulomika-n~a^na).

(1)  consists  in  the  meditative  observation  of  the  3  characteristics  of  existence  (impermanence,  suffering,  no  self)  in  one”s  own  bodily  and  mental  processes.  As  long  as  the  mind  is  still  disturbed  by  the  10  imperfections  (s.  V),  the  3  characteristics  will  not  become  fully  clear  in  their  true  nature.  Only  when  the  mind  is  free  from  these  imperfections  can  the  characteristics  be  observed  clearly.
(2)  When  through  such  repeated  practice,  knowledge  and  mindfulness  have  grown  keen  and  the  bodily  and  mental  formations  become  apparent  quickly,  at  that  stage  the  phase  of  dissolution  of  these  formations  will  become  prominent.
"Consciousness  with  (e.g.)  materiality  as  its  object  arises  and  dissolves.  Having  reflected  on  that  object,  he  contemplates  the  dissolution  of  (reflecting)  consciousness."  (Pts.M.  I,  57,  quoted  in  Vis.M.  XXI,  11).
The  8  blessings  of  this  knowledge  are:  abandoning  the  belief  in  eternal  existence  (bhava-ditthi),  giving  up  attachment  to  life,  constant  right  application  (of  mind  to  meditative  endeavour),  a  purified  livelihood,  overcoming  of  anxiety,  absence  of  fear,  acquisition  of  forbearance  and  gentleness,  conquest  of  discontent  and  sensual  delight  (Vis.M.  XXI,  28).
(3)  Knowledge  consisting  in  awareness  of  terror  (or  fearfulness)  is  the  seeing  of  terror  in  the  conditions  as  well  as  the  continuity  of  existence.  For  whoso  considers  the  formations  as  impermanent,  to  him  the  conditions  of  existence  (i.e.  the  karma-formations  producing  ever  new  existence)  appear  as  terror,  as  driving  towards  death.  Whoso  considers  the  formations  as  misery,  to  him  the  continuity  of  existence  appears  as  terror,  as  something  oppressive.  Whoso  considers  the  formations  as  impersonal,  to  him  the  karmaformations,  as  well  as  the  continuity  of  existence,  appear  as  terror,  as  an  empty  village,  as  a  mirage,  etc.
(4)  Contemplation  of  misery  (or  danger)  is  another  aspect  of  the  awareness  of  terror:  "The  origin  (of  existence)  is  terror  ...  continuance  of  existence  is  terror  ...  arising  is  suffering”,  such  understanding  in  the  awareness  of  terror  is  the  knowledge  of  misery.”Non-arising  is  bliss”,  this  is  knowledge  of  the  peaceful  state  (Pts.M.  I,  59);  that  is,  the  no-more-arising  is  safety,  is  happiness,  is  Nibba^na.
(5)  Contemplation  of  aversion  means:  aversion  for  all  formations  as  terror,  therefore  its  name  ”awareness  of  terror”  has  come  into  use.  Because  it  has  made  known  the  misery  of  all  these  formations,  therefore  it  has  received  the  name  of  ”contemplation  of  misery”  (a^di^nava^nupassana^).  Because  it  has  arisen  through  aversion  for  those  formations,  therefore  it  is  known  as  ”contemplation  of  aversion”  (nibbida^nupassana^).
(6)  Knowledge  consisting  in  the  desire  for  deliverance  means:  the  desire  for  freedom  and  escape  from  all  formations  of  existence..  For  feeling  aversion  for  all  formations,  becoming  weary  of  them,  finding  no  more  delight  in  them,  the  mind  does  not  cling  to  a  single  one  of  all  these  formations.
(7)  Reflecting  contemplation  is  the  repeated  meditative  discernment  of  the  formations  of  existence,  attributing  to  them  the  3  characteristics  of  existence,  with  the  desire  to  find  deliverance  from  all  forms  of  existence.
(8)  Equanimity  regarding  all  formations:  "When  the  meditator  (through  reflecting  contemplation)  has  discerned  the  formations  by  applying  the  3  characteristics  to  them  and  sees  them  as  void,  he  abandons  both  terror  and  delight,  and  becomes  indifferent  and  equanimous  with  regard  to  all  formations;  he  neither  takes  them  as  I  nor  as  ”mine”;  he  is  like  a  man  who  has  divorced  his  wife"  (Vis.M.  XXI,  61).
Now,  while  continuing  to  contemplate  the  3  characteristics  of  existence  and  perceiving  the  tranquil  lot  of  Nibba^na  as  the  peace,  this  equanimity-knowledge  becomes  the  triple  gateway  to  liberation.  As  it  is  said  (Pts.M.  II,  p.  48):
"Three  gateways  to  liberation  (vimokkha-mukha;  s.  vimokkha  I)  lead  to  escape  from  the  world,  namely:  that  the  mind  is  contemplating  all  formations  as  limited,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  conditionless  element  (animitta-dha^tu);  that  the  mind  is  stirred  with  regard  to  all  formations  of  existence,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  desireless  element  (appanihita-dha^tu);  that  the  mind  sees  all  things  as  something  foreign,  and  is  rushing  forward  to  the  void  element  (sun~n~ata^-dha^tu)."
At  this  stage,  and  through  the  triple  gateway,  the  diversification  of  path  attainment  takes  place,  according  to  the  7  kinds  of  noble  persons  (ariya-puggala,  q.v.);  on  this  see  Vis.M.  XXI,  74ff.
The  6th,  7th  and  8th  knowledges,  according  to  Vis.M.  XXI,  form  really  only  one  single  knowledge  in  its  first,  middle  and  final  stages  of  development.  This  knowledge  is  also  known  as  the  ”insight  leading  to  path  ascent”  (vuttha^na-ga^mini^-vipassana^,  q.v.).
(9)  Adaptation  to  truth  (or  conformity  with  truth)  is  called  that  knowledge  which,  while  contemplating  impermanency,  etc.  adapts  itself  to  the  preceding  8  kinds  of  insight-knowledge,  as  well  as  to  the  immediately  following  supermundane  path  and  to  the  37  elements  pertaining  to  enlightenment  (bodhipakkhiya-dhamma,  q.v.).  It  is  identical  with  adaptation-knowledge  (anuloman~a^na).
"Whosoever  has  cultivated,  developed,  and  frequently  practised  ”equanimity  regarding  all  formations”  in  him  arises  very  strong  faith  known  as  determination  (adhimokkha-saddha^)  and  his  energy  is  better  exerted,  his  mindfulness  better  established,  his  mind  better  concentrated,  and  a  still  stronger  ”equanimity  regarding  the  formations”  arises.”Now  the  path  will  reveal  itself”,  thus  thinking,  the  meditator  contemplates  with  his  equanimity-knowledge  all  formations  as  impermanent,  etc.,  and  thereafter  that  knowledge  sinks  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence  (s.  bhavanga-sota^).  Immediately  afterwards  there  arises  advertence  at  the  mind-door  (s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca).  And  just  like  equanimity-knowledge,  the  adaptation-knowledge,  too,  takes  as  its  object  the  formations,  regarding  them  as  something  impermanent,  miserable  and  impersonal.  Thereupon,  while  continuing  the  uninterrupted  continuity  of  consciousness  (citta-santati),  there  arises  the  1st  impulsive  moment  (javana,  q.v.),  called  ”preparation”  (parikamma),  taking  the  same  formations  as  object.  Immediately  thereafter,  with  the  same  formations  as  object,  there  arises  the  2nd  impulsive  moment,  known  as  ”access”  (upaca^ra).  And  again  immediately  after  that,  there  arises  the  impulsive  moment  called  ”adaptation”  (anuloma)."
(VII)  Purification  of  knowledge  and  vision  (n~a^nadassana-visuddhi)  is  the  knowledge  associated  with  any  of  the  4  kinds  of  supermundane  path-consciousness  (s.  ariyapuggala).
"Immediately  upon  this  adaptation-knowledge  there  arises  the  ”maturity-knowlege”  (gotrabhú-n~a^na;  s.  gotrabhú)  taking  as  object  the  Unconditioned,  the  standstill  of  existence,  the  absence  of  becoming,  cessation,  Nibba^na,  while  at  the  same  time  transcending  the  rank  (gotta  =  gotra:  lineage),  designation  and  plane  of  the  worldling  (puthujjana,  q.v.),  and  entering  the  rank,  designation  and  plane  of  the  Noble  Ones  (ariya),  being  the  first  turning  towards  Nibba^na  as  object,  the  first  thinking  of  it,  the  first  concentration  on  it,  and  the  condition  for  the  path  ...  forming  the  culmination  of  insight,  and  never  as  such  coming  back  again.
””As  the  immediate  continuation  following  upon  that  maturity  knowledge  (gotrabhú-n~a^na),  there  arises  the  first  path-consciousness  (Stream-entrance)  forever  destroying  the  first  3  of  the  10  fetters  of  existence  (samyojana,  q.v.),  and  closing  the  entrance  to  the  lower  worlds.  Immediately  after  this  path-knowledge,  there  arise,  as  its  result,  2  or  3  path-produced  states  of  consciousness,  the  fruitional  consciousness  (phala-citta).  Immediately  after  the  sinking  of  this  consciousness  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence,  the  retrospective  knowledge  (paccavekkhana-n~a^na,  q.v.)  arises,  having  the  path-consciousness  as  its  object"  (Vis.M.  XXI).  For  the  3  higher  paths,  s.  ariya-puggala.
Each  of  the  4  kinds  of  path-consciousness  performs  at  the  one  and  the  same  time  4  functions,  namely:  the  function  of  full  understanding  (parin~n~a^,  q.v.)  of  suffering,  the  function  of  overcoming  (paha^na,  q.v.)  the  origin  of  suffering,  the  function  of  realizing  (sacchikiriya^)  the  extinction  of  suffering,  the  function  of  developing  (bha^vana^,  q.v.)  the  supermundane  Noble  Eightfold  Path  (magga,  q.v.).
See  Path  of  Purification,  by  Buddhaghosa,  tr.  by  n~yanamoli  (BPS);  Path  of  Freedom,  by  Upatissa  (BPS).

南传佛教英文辞典 【88】beautiful

  sobhana  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【89】behaviour

  morality  consisting  in  good:  abhisama^ca^rikasi^la  (q.v.)  .

南传佛教英文辞典 【90】boundless

  consciousness  (and  b.  space),  Sphere  of:  s.  jha^na  5,  6.

南传佛教英文辞典 【91】dhuta^nga

  (lit.”means  of  shaking  off  (the  defilements)”);”means  of  purification”,  ascetic  or  austere  practices.  These  are  strict  observances  recommended  by  the  Buddha  to  monks  as  a  help  to  cultivate  contentedness,  renunciation,  energy  and  the  like.  One  or  more  of  them  may  be  observed  for  a  shorter  or  longer  period  of  time.
"The  monk  training  himself  in  morality  should  take  upon  himself  the  means  of  purification,  in  order  to  gain  those  virtues  through  which  the  purity  of  morality  will  become  accomplished,  to  wit:  fewness  of  needs,  contentedness,  austerity,  detachment,  energy,  moderation,  etc."  (Vis.M.  II).

Vis.M.  II  describes  13  dhutangas,  consisting  in  the  vows  of
1.  wearing  patched-up  robes:  pamsukúlik”anga,
2.  wearing  only  three  robes:  teci^varik”anga,
3.  going  for  alms:  pindapa^tik”anga,
4.  not  omitting  any  house  whilst  going  for  alms:  sapada^nikanga,
5.  eating  at  one  sitting:  eka^sanik”anga,
6.  eating  only  from  the  alms-bowl:  pattapindik”anga,
7.  refusing  all  further  food:  khalu-paccha^-bhattik”anga,
8.  living  in  the  forest:  a^ran~n~ik”anga,
9.  living  under  a  tree:  rukkha-múlik”anga,
10.  living  in  the  open  air:  abbhoka^sik”anga,
11.  living  in  a  cemetery:  susa^nik”anga,
12.  being  satisfied  with  whatever  dwelling:  yatha^-santhatik”anga,
13.  sleeping  in  the  sitting  position  (and  never  lying  down):  nesajjik”anga.

These  13  exercises  are  all,  without  exception,  mentioned  in  the  old  sutta  texts  (e.g.  M.  5,  113;  A.V.,  181-90),  but  never  together  in  one  and  the  same  place.
"Without  doubt,  o  monks,  it  is  a  great  advantage  to  live  in  the  forest  as  a  hermit,  to  collect  one”s  alms,  to  make  one”s  robes  from  picked-up  rags,  to  be  satisfied  with  three  robes"  (A.I,  30).
The  vow,  e.g.  of  No.  1,  is  taken  in  the  words:  "I  reject  robes  offered  to  me  by  householders,"  or  "I  take  upon  myself  the  vow  of  wearing  only  robes  made  from  picked-up  rags."  Some  of  the  exercises  may  also  be  observed  by  the  lay-adherent.
Here  it  may  be  mentioned  that  each  newly  ordained  monk,  immediately  after  his  being  admitted  to  the  Order,  is  advised  to  be  satisfied  with  whatever  robes,  alms-food,  dwelling  and  medicine  he  gets:  "The  life  of  the  monks  depends  on  the  collected  alms  as  food  ...  on  the  root  of  a  tree  as  dwelling  ...  on  robes  made  from  patched-up  rags  ...  on  stale  cow”s  urine  as  medicine.  May  you  train  yourself  therein  all  your  life."
Since  the  moral  quality  of  any  action  depends  entirely  upon  the  accompanying  intention  and  volition,  this  is  also  the  case  with  these  ascetic  practices,  as  is  expressly  stated  in  Vis.M.  Thus  the  mere  external  performance  is  not  the  real  exercise,  as  it  is  said  (Pug.  275-84):  "Some  one  might  be  going  for  alms;  etc.  out  of  stupidity  and  foolishness  -  or  with  evil  intention  and  filled  with  desires  -  or  out  of  insanity  and  mental  derangement  -  or  because  such  practice  had  been  praised  by  the  Noble  Ones...."  These  exercises  are,  however  properly  observed  "if  they  are  taken  up  only  for  the  sake  of  frugality,  of  contentedness,  of  purity,  etc."(App.)
On  dhutanga  practice  in  modern  Thailand,  see  With  Robes  and  Bowl,  by  Bhikkhu  Khantipalo  (WHEEL  82/83).

南传佛教英文辞典 【92】duccarita

  ”evil  conduct”,  is  threefold:  in  deeds,  words  and  thoughts.  See  kammapatha  (I).

南传佛教英文辞典 【93】dukkhata^

  (abstr.  noun  fr.  dukkha):  ”the  state  of  suffering”,  painfulness,  unpleasantness,  the  unsatisfactoriness  of  existence."There  are  three  kinds  of  suffering:  (1)  suffering  as  pain  (dukkha-dukkhata^),  (2)  the  suffering  inherent  in  the  formations  (sankha^ra-dukkhata^),  (3)  the  suffering  in  change  (viparina^ma-dukkhata^)"  (S.  XLV,  165;  D.  33).
(1)  is  the  bodily  or  mental  feeling  of  pain  as  actual]y  felt.  (2)  refers  to  the  oppressive  nature  of  all  formations  of  existence  (i.e.  all  conditioned  phenomena),  due  to  their  continual  arising  and  passing  away;  this  includes  also  experiences  associated  with  neutral  feeling.  (3)  refers  to  bodily  and  mental  pleasant  feelings,  "because  they  are  the  cause  for  the  arising  of  pain  when  they  change"  (Vis.M.  XIV,  34f).

南传佛教英文辞典 【94】faculties

  indriya  (q.v.);  see  also  paccaya  16.

南传佛教英文辞典 【95】impulsion

  javana  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【96】indulging

  (in  joy,  sadness  etc.):  s.  manopavica^ra.

南传佛教英文辞典 【97】lokuttara

  ”supermundane”,  is  a  term  for  the  4  paths  and  4  fruitions  of  sota^patti,  etc.  (s.  ariya-puggala),  with  Nibba^na  as  ninth.  Hence  one  speaks  of  ”9  supermundane  things”  (nava-lokuttara-dhamma).  Cf.  prec.

南传佛教英文辞典 【98】nutriment

  s.  oja^,  a^ha^ra.  -  a^ha^ra  is  one  of  the  24  conditions  (paccaya,  q.v.)  -  n.-  produced  corporeality;  s.  samuttha^na.

南传佛教英文辞典 【99】suffering

  For  the  4  Truths  of  suffering,  s.  sacca;  further  s.  ti-lakkhana.

南传佛教英文辞典 【100】treasures

  the  7:  s.  dhana  (q.v.).

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