”one who already during a given explanation comes to penetrate the truth” (Pug.). This is one of four types of persons classified according to their ability of acquiring insight, mentioned in A. IV, 133. Cf. also vipacitan~n~u, neyya, pada-parama. See The Requisites of Enlightenment, by Ledi Sayadaw (WHEEL 171/174) p. 1ff.
”rebirth-process”; s. bhava.
”disappearance”, is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.).
Erdi
即真谛和俗谛。又称第一义谛、世俗谛,或名胜义谛与名言谛。真俗二谛,中观派的基本思想是缘起性空论,认为世间出世间万事万物,都是由众多因素相依相持而形成的,是有,称假有,这就是世俗谛,没有独立不变的自性,是空,称性空,这就是真谛,所以真俗二谛,就是空、有二谛。这是就外在的物境而言。若以主观认识而论,谓世俗谛是有,这是世间一般人的常识见解;言真谛为空是二乘圣者特有的超世见解。实际上,说有不住有,谈空不落空,空有无碍,才是真俗二谛的正观。又世俗谛的有,是世间万事万物的现象;真谛的空,是世间万事万物的本性。缘起才能性空,性空才能缘起,缘起与性空实际是一种事物的两个方面,相反相成,对立而统一。所以缘起就是性空,性空就是缘起。如《般若经》中说:色即是空,空即是色,不二而二,二而不二。大乘佛教各宗,因为传承或立论方法不同,对二谛的解释也各不相同。有的认为二谛是理,有的认为二谛是教。天台宗认为二谛或三谛是真实不虚的谛理,故云:“三谛者,天然之性德也。”三论宗认为真俗二谛是两种真实不虚的言教:“二谛者,盖是言教之通诠,相待之假称……唯是教门,不关境理。”
Sandi
即空谛、假谛、中道谛。佛教天台宗所立的谛理。认为一切事物都由因缘而生,没有永恒不变的实体,叫做空谛;一切事物其中虽无永恒不变的实体,却有如幻如化的相貌,叫做假谛;这些都不出法性,不待造作而有,叫做中道谛。一切事物,皆不出此空、假、中三谛的范畴,故称为三谛之理。《始终心要》说:“三谛者,天然之性德也,中谛者统一切法,真谛者泯一切法,假谛者立一切法。”又此三谛,圆融无碍,一即是三,三即是一。如观空时,无假无中无不空白;观假时,无空无中无不假;观中道时,无空无假无不中,名为圆融三谛。《中观论·四谛品》说:“因缘所生法,我说即是空,亦为是假名,亦是中道义”。此偈被认为是圆融三谛的出处。
”mindfulness on in-and-out-breathing”, i...
is one of the most important exercises for reaching mental concentration and the 4 absorptions (jha^na, q.v.).
In the Satipattha^na Sutta (M. 10, D. 22) and elsewhere, 4 methods of practice are given, which may also serve as basis for insight meditation. The ”Discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing” (a^na^pa^nasati Sutta, M. 118) and other texts have 16 methods of practice, which divide into 4 groups of four. The first three apply to both tranquillity (samatha, q.v.) and insight-meditation, while the fourth refers to pure insight practice only. The second and the third group require the attainment of the absorptions.
"With attentive mind he breathes in, with attentive mind he breathes out.
I. (1) "When making a long inhalation he knows: ”I make a long inhalation”; when making a long exhalation he knows: ”I make a long exhalation.”
(2) "When making a short inhalation he knows: ”I make a short inhalation”; when making a short exhalation he knows: ”I make a short exhalation.”
(3) "”Clearly perceiving the entire (breath-) body I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”clearly perceiving the entire (breath-) body I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(4) "”Calming this bodily function I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”calming this bodily function I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
II. (5) "”Feeling rapture (pi^ti) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”feeling rapture I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(6) "”Feeling joy I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”feeling joy I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(7) "”Feeling the mental formation (citta-sankha^ra) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself, ”feeling the mental formation I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(8) "”Calming the mental formation I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”calming the mental formation I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
III. (9) "”Clearly perceiving the mind (citta) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”clearly perceiving the mind I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(10) "”Gladdening the mind I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”gladdening the mind I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(11) "”Concentrating the mind I will breathe in, thus he trains himself;”concentrating the mind I will breathe out”, thus he trains himself.
(12) "”Freeing the mind I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”freeing the mind I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself
IV. (13) "”Reflecting on impermanence (anicca) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”reflecting on impermanence I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(14) "”Reflecting on detachment (vira^ga) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”reflecting on detachment I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(15) "”Reflecting on extinction (nirodha) I will breathe in,” thus he trains himself;”reflecting on extinction I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself.
(16) "”Reflecting on abandonment (patinissagga) I will breathe in, thus he trains himself;”reflecting on abandonment I will breathe out,” thus he trains himself."
In M. 118 it is further shown how these 16 exercises bring about the 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipattha^na, q.v.), namely:
1-4 contemplation of the body,
5-8 contemplation of feeling,
9-12 contemplation of mind (consciousness),
13-16 contemplation of mind-objects.
Then it is shown how these 4 foundations of mindfulness bring about the 7 factors of enlightenment (bojjhanga, q.v.); then these again deliverance of mind (ceto-vimutti, q.v.) and deliverance through wisdom (pan~n~a^-vimutti, q.v.).
Literature: a^na^pa^nasati Samyutta (S. LIV). -
Pts.M. a^na^pa^nakatha^ - Full explanation of practice in Vis.M. VIII, 145ff. -
For a comprehensive anthology of canonical and commentarial texts, see Mindfulness of Breathing, n~a^namoli Thera (Kandy: BPS, 1964).
”non-disappearance”, is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.).
”the base "visual organ"” (s. a^yatana).
moha-carita; s. carita.
Eight Negations == 八不
The eight negations of Nagarjuna, founder of Madhyamika, are actually four pairs of neither birth nor death, neither end nor permanence, neither identity nor difference, neither coming nor going. This is one of the important concepts of the Middle Way, the ultimate truth of Buddhism and the reality character of all Dharma.
Four Great Vows == 四弘誓愿
1.Vow to take across the numberless living beings.
2.Vow to cut off the endless afflictions.
3.Vow to study the countless Dharma doors.
4.Vow to realize the supreme Buddha Way.
s. a^yatana.
This term is probably found for the first time in the Com., esp. Vis.M. IV. The rudiments of this doctrine, however, are already found in the old sutta texts, e.g. A. III, 100.
”equilibrium, balance, or harmony of faculties”, relates to the 5 spiritual faculties: faith, energy, mindfulness, concentration and wisdom (s. indriya 15-19). Of these there are two pairs of faculties, in each of which both faculties should well counter-balance each other, namely: faith and wisdom (saddha^, pan~n~a^, q.v.) on the one hand and energy and concentration (viriya, sama^dhi, q.v.) on the other. For excessive faith with deficient wisdom leads to blind belief, whilst excessive wisdom with deficient faith leads to cunning. In the same way, great energy with weak concentration leads to restlessness, whilst strong concentration with deficient energy leads to indolence. Though for both faculties in each of the 2 pairs a balanced degree of intensity is desirable, mindfulness should be allowed to develop to the highest degree of strength. Cf. Vis.M. III- (App.).
”nihilistic view” (a doctrine that all values are baseless, that nothing is knowable or can be communicated, and that life itself is meaningless), s. ditthi.
”earth-element”. or ”solid element”. It is cognizable through the sensations of pressure, touch, cold, heat. pain, etc. - About the 4 elements. s. dha^tu, khandha (I. A.).
”earth-kasina” (s. kasina).
Pratyeka-Buddha == 辟支佛
the second stage in Hinayana, the first or initial being that of Sravaka. He is enlightened to the conditions, i.e. the Law of Dependent Origination. He seeks enlightenment for himself and understands deeply Nidanas. He attains his enlightenment alone, independently, or a teacher, and with the object of attaining Nirvana and his own salvation rather than that of others.