”mindfulness with regard to the body”, refers sometimes (e.g. Vis.M. VIII, 2) only to the contemplation on the 32 parts of the body, sometimes (e.g. M. 119) to all the various meditations comprised under the ”contemplation of the body” (ka^ya^nupassana^), the 1st of the 4 ”foundations of mindfulness” (satipattha^na, q.v.), consisting partly in concentration (sama^dhi) exercises, partly in insight (vipassana^) exercises. On the other hand, the cemetery meditations (si^vathika, q.v.) mentioned in the Satipattha^na S.(M. 10) are nearly the same as the 10 contemplations of loathsomeness (asubha-bha^vana^, q.v.). of Vis.M. VI, whereas elsewhere the contemplation on the 32 parts of the body is called the ”reflection on impurity” (patikkúla-san~n~a^).
In such texts as: ”One thing, o monks, developed and repeatedly practised, leads to the attainment of wisdom. It is the contemplation on the body” (A.I), the reference is to all exercises mentioned in the 1st Satipattha^na.
Vis.M. VIII, 2 gives a detailed description and explanation of the method of developing the contemplation on the 32 parts of the body. This exercise can produce the 1st absorption only (jha^na, q.v.) The stereotype text given in the Satipattha^na Sutta and elsewhere - but leaving out the brain - runs as follows:
"And further, o monks, the monk contemplates this body from the soles of the feet upward, and from the tops of the hairs downward, with skin stretched over it, and filled with manifold impurities: ”This body has hairs of the head, hairs of the body, nails, teeth, skin, flesh, sinews, bones, marrow, kidneys, heart, liver, diaphragm, spleen, lungs, intestines, bowels, stomach, excrement, bile, phlegm, pus, blood, sweat, fat, tears, skin grease, spittle, nasal mucus, oil of the joints, and urine ...."
Vis.M. VIII, 2 says "By repeating the words of this exercise one will become well acquainted with the wording, the mind will not rush here and there, the different parts will become distinct and appear like a row of fingers, or a row of hedge-poles. Now, just as one repeats the exercise in words, one should do it also in mind. The repeating in mind forms the condition for the penetration of the characteristic marks.... He who thus has examined the parts of the body as to colour, shape, region, locality and limits, and considers them one by one, and not too hurriedly, as something loathsome, to such a one, while contemplating the body, all these things at the same time are appearing distinctly clear. But also when keeping one”s attention fixed outwardly (i.e. to the bodies of other beings), and when all the parts appear distinctly, then all men and animals moving about lose the appearance of living beings and appear like heaps of many different things. And it looks as if those foods and drinks, being swallowed by them, were being inserted into this heap of things. Now, while again and again one is conceiving the idea ”Disgusting! Disgusting!” - omitting in due course several parts - gradually the attainment - concentration (appana^-sama^dhi, i.e. the concentration of the jha^na) will be reached. In this connection, the appearing of forms ... is called the acquired image (uggaha-nimitta), the arising of loathsomeness, however, the counter-image (patibha^ganimitta)."
s. vin~n~atti.
sankha^ra, i.e. wholesome or unwholesome volitions (cetana^) manifested as actions of body, speech or mind, form the 2nd link of the formula of dependent origination (paticca-samuppa^da, q.v.).
s. mada.
sankha^ra (q.v.). s. Tab. II.
pakati-si^la (q.v.).
s. satta^va^sa.
A ”teaching the meaning of which is implicit, or has to be inferred” as contrasted with a ”teaching with an explicit or evident meaning” (ni^tattha-dhamma). In A. I, 60 (PTS) it is said: "Whoso declares a sutta with an implicit meaning as a sutta with explicit meaning (and conversely), such a one makes a false statement with regard to the Blessed One." - See paramattha.
A ”doctrine with evident meaning”, contrasted with a ”doctrine with a meaning to be inferred” (neyyattha-dhamma, q.v.). See also paramattha.
Three Evil Paths == 三恶道
They are the three lowest realms of the Nine Realms: hell, hungry ghost and animal.(地狱,饿鬼,畜牲)
Three Good Paths == 三善道
They are Man, Asura and Deva Paths.(人,阿修罗,天道)
s. vin~n~atti.
sidi
1、苦谛。苦是受逼迫苦恼之意,主要指三界生死轮回的苦恼。有三苦、八苦的不同。三苦,一为苦苦,指正在受痛苦时的苦恼;二为坏苦,是享受快乐结束时的苦恼;三为行苦,谓不苦不乐时,为无常变化的自然规律所支配的苦恼,包括生、老、病、死在内。八苦即生苦、老苦、病苦、死苦、求不得苦、怨憎会苦、爱别离苦、五阴盛苦。佛教认为,三苦、八苦有的是社会原因造成的,有的是自然原因造成的。
2、集谛。亦名习谛。集是积聚感招之意。说一切众生,常时以来,由于贪瞋愚痴的行动,造成的善恶行为的业因,能感招将来的生死苦果。
3、灭谛。亦名尽谛,为息灭、灭尽之意,灭尽三界内之烦恼业因以及生死果报,称为灭,也称了脱生死,从此不再受三界内的生死苦恼,达到涅槃寂灭境界,即为解脱。
4、道谛。道为通达之意,也是道路的意思。这种道路是达到寂灭解脱的方法和手段;原始佛教认为道谛是指八正道。以后大、小乘又各有发展。佛教认为依道谛去修行,就能达到寂灭解脱的灭谛。由此途径确实可以达到解脱生死的目的。
柬博寨宗教艺术遗迹的总称。共400余处,尤以大吴哥王城、吴哥寺、巴壤寺和班迭斯雷寺最为著名。始建于真腊帝国全盛时期的9世纪末叶。这个帝国兴于6世纪,经历了600年的繁华。初奠都洞里萨湖畔,9世纪末迁都吴哥。吴哥古迹便是这时期的艺术创造。
大吴哥王城亦称“吴哥通”,是当时的都城。位于今暹粒省东部。王城呈正方形,周长达12公里。石砌城墙高7米,宽亦7米。墙外有濠沟和护城河。城门之上建石塔,塔饰大佛。门外左右排列天神两列,各高2米,共54尊。城内有寺塔、皇宫等一系列建筑群。巴壤寺即为其中之一。
巴壤寺是建在城中心的佛寺。寺门东向。始建于12世纪末。三层方形台基上,各层有加廓,廓内饰浅浮雕和小石塔。第三层台基上所立中心大塔,高45米。周围绕以16座中型塔和几十座小塔,构成完整的塔群。大塔上部雕有“湿婆四面神像”,居高临下,环顾四野,具有神秘玄思的意味,也反映出佛教与印度都的融合。
吴哥寺,又称“小吴哥”。位于大吴哥王城南郊。始建于国王苏里亚跋摩二世时。平面设计犹如大小四个“口”字相迭套,形成里外三层。第一层台基东西长215米,南北宽180米。有六处入口通向第二层台基,这层台基长115米,宽100米,比第一层高出7米。第三层台基为正方形,边长75米。圆心为大塔,离地面65米。四隅各有相同形制的一座小塔。第二层台基四隅亦然。所以吴哥寺共有九塔,今惟存第三层之五塔。整体设计体现了佛教须弥山世界的思想,成为宇宙中心之象征。
班迭斯雷寺里外绕以三道围墙,主体建筑为三座并列的石塔。三塔南北向吴一字形,建于同一座台基上,相间1米。石塔拱门之上的楣石饰有精致的浅浮雕。
吴哥古迹的雕刻艺术成就极高。吴哥寺各层回廓内侧皆饰浅浮雕,覆盖面长达800多米,内容多关于佛教、印度教两大史诗《罗摩衍那》和《摩诃婆罗多》的描绘,也穿插许多世俗生活场景。画面层次分明,装饰效果极强。其圆雕作品以“吴哥式微笑”的风格著称。
13世纪末,真腊帝国又迁新都。吴哥王城的繁华逐渐被埋在热带丛林之中。直到19世纪叶叶才能发现。(罗照辉)
”gradual instruction”, progressive sermon; given by the Buddha when it was necessary to prepare first the listener”s mind before speaking to him on the advanced teaching of the Four Noble Truths. The stock passage (e.g. D. 3; D 14; M. 56) runs as follows:
"Then the Blessed One gave him a gradual instruction - that is to say, he spoke on liberality (”giving”, da^na, q.v.), on moral conduct (si^la) and on the heaven (sagga); he explained the peril, the vanity and the depravity of sensual pleasures, and the advantage
of renunciation. When the Blessed One perceived that the listener”s mind was prepared, pliant, free from obstacles, elevated and lucid; then he explained to him that exalted teaching particular to the Buddhas (buddha^nam sa^mukkamsika^ desana^), that is: suffering, its cause, its ceasing, and the path."
”contemplation of not-self” is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (s. vipassana^). See also above.
”one-pointedness of mind”, is a synonym of concentration, or sama^dhi (q.v.)
arúpa^vacara: cf. avacara, jha^na (5-8); Tab. I.