a^yúhana (q.v.).
gotrabhú-n~a^na; s. visuddhi (VII).
”attainment of extinction” (S. XIV, 11), also called san~n~a^-vedayita-nirodha, ”extinction of feeling and perception”, is the temporary suspension of all consciousness and mental activity, following immediately upon the semi-conscious state called ”sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception” (s. jha^na, 8). The absolutely necessary pre-conditions to its attainment are said to be perfect mastery of all the 8 absorptions (jha^na), as well as the previous attainment of Ana^ga^mi or Arahatship (s. ariya-puggala).
According to Vis.M. XXIII, the entering into this state takes place in the following way: by means of mental tranquillity (samatha) and insight (vipassana^) one has to pass through all the 8 absorptions one after the other up to the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception and then one has to bring this state to an end. If, namely, according to the Vis.M., the disciple (Ana^ga^mi or Arahat) passes through the absorption merely by means of tranquillity, i.e. concentration, he will only attain the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, and then come to a standstill; if, on the other hand, he proceeds only with insight, he will reach the fruition (phala) of Ana^ga^mi or Arahatship. He, however, who by means of both faculties has risen from absorption to absorption and, having made the necessary preparations, brings the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception to an end, such a one reaches the state of extinction. Whilst the disciple is passing through the 8 absorptions, he each time emerges from the absorption attained, and regards with his insight all the mental phenomena constituting that special absorption, as impermanent, miserable and impersonal. Then he again enters the next higher absorption, and thus, after each absorption practising insight, he at last reaches the state of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, and thereafter the full extinction. This state, according to the Com., may last for 7 days or even longer. Immediately at the rising from this state, however, there arises in the Ana^ga^mi the fruition of Ana^ga^miship (ana^ga^mi-phala), in the Arahat the fruition of Arahatship (arahatta-phala).
With regard to the difference existing between the monk abiding in this state of extinction on the one hand, and a dead person on the other hand, M 43 says: "In him who is dead, and whose life has come to an end, the bodily (in-and-outbreathing), verbal (thought-conception and discursive thinking), and mental functions (s. sankha^ra, 2) have become suspended and come to a standstill, life is exhausted, the vital heat extinguished, the faculties are destroyed. Also in the monk who has reached ”extinction of perception and feeling” (san~n~a^-vedayita-nirodha), the bodily, verbal and mental functions have been suspended and come to a standstill, but life is not exhausted, the vital heat not extinguished, and the faculties are not destroyed."
For details, see Vis.M. XXIII; for texts s. Path 206.
s. nimitta, kasina, sama^dhi.
s. ka^yagata^-sati.
janaka-kamma (s. karma).
vitakka-carita (s. carita).
”tranquillity and insight”, are identical with concentration (sama^dhi, q.v.; s. prec.) and wisdom (pan~n~a^, q.v.), and form the two branches of mental development (bha^vana^, q.v.).
(1) ”Tranquillity” is all unperturbed, peaceful and lucid state of mind attained by strong mental concentration. Though as a distinct way of practice (s. samatha-ya^nika), it aims at the attainment of the meditative absorptions (jha^na, q.v.), a high degree of tranquil concentration (though not necessarily that of the absorptions) is indispensable for insight too. Tranquillity frees the mind from impurities and inner obstacles, and gives it greater penetrative strength.
””What now is the power of tranquillity (samatha-bala)? It is the one-pointedness and non-distraction of the mind due to freedom from desire (renunciation) ... to freedom from ill-will ... to the perception of light (s. aloka-san~n~a^) ... to non-distraction ... to the defilling of phenomena ... to knowledge, gladness, the 8 attainments, the 10 kasinas, the 10 recollections, the 9 cemetery contemplations, the 32 kinds of respiration-mindfulness ... the one-pointedness and non-distraction of the mind of one contemplating abandonment (relinquishment) while inhaling and exhaling (s. a^na^pa^nasati).
"The power of tranquillity consists of the freedom from perturbation; in the 1st absorption, from the 5 hindrances (ni^varana, (q.v.); in the 2nd absorption, from thought-conception and discursive thinking;... in the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception it consists of the freedom from perturbation by the perception of the sphere of nothingness (s. anupubbanirodha), which is no longer agitated and irritated by defilements associated with restlessness, nor by the groups of existence" (Pts.M. 1. p. 97)
(2) ”Insight” (s. vipassana^) is the penetrative understanding by direct meditative experience of the impermanency, unsatisfactoriness and impersonality of all material and mental phenomena of existence. It is insight that leads to entrance into the supermundance states of holiness and to final liberation.
””What now is the power of insight? It is the contemplation of impermanency (anicca^nupassana^), of misery (dukkhanupassana^), impersonality” (anatta^nupassana^), of aversion (nibbidanupassana^), detachment (vira^ganupassana^), extinction (nirodha), ahandonment (patinissagga), with regard to corporcality, feeling, perception, mental formations and consciousness.... That in contemplating the impermanency one is no more agitated by the idea of grasping ... no more by ignorance and the defilements associated therewith and no more by the groups of existence: this is called the power of insight" (Pts.M. p. 97).
"Two things are conducive to knowledge: tranquillity and insight. If tranquillity is developed, what profit does it bring? The mind is developed. If the mind is developed, what profit does it bring? All lust is abandoned.
"If insight is developed, what profit does it bring? Wisdom is developed. If wisdom is developed, what profit does it bring? All ignorance is abandoned" (A. II, 2.7).
There is a method of meditative practice where, in alternating sequence, tranquillity-meditation and insight-meditation are developed. It is called ”tranquillity and insight joined in pairs” (samatha-vipassana^yuganaddha), the coupling or yoking of tranquillity and insight. He who undertakes it, first enters into the 1st absorption. After rising from it, he contemplates the mental phenomena that were present in it (feeling, perception, etc.) as impermanent, painful and not-self, and thus he develops insight. Thereupon he enters into the 2nd absorption; and after rising from it, he again considers its constituent phenomena as impermanent, etc. In this way, he passes from one absorption to the next, until at last, during a moment of insight, the intuitive knowledge of the path (of Stream-entry, etc.) flashes forth - See A. IV, 170; A.IX, 36; Pts: Yuganaddha Katha^.
atta-kilamatha (q.v.).
”equanimity, equipoise, mental balance” (lit., ”remaining here and there in the middle”), is the name for a high ethical quality belonging to the sankha^ra-kkhandha (s. khandha) and is mostly known by the name upekkha^. In its widest sense it is associated with all pure consciousness (s. Tab. II)."Tatra-majjhattata^ is called the ”keeping in the middle of all things”. It has as charactcristic that it effects the balance of consciousness and mental factors; as nature (function; rasa), that it prevents excessiveness and deficiency, or that it puts an end to partiality; as manifestation, that it keeps the proper middle" (Vis.M. XIV). (App.).
”low talk”, lit.”beastly talk”, is the name in the sutta-texts for the following: "Talk about kings and robbers, ministers and armies, danger and war, eating and drinking, clothes and dwellings, garlands and scents, relations, chariots, villages and markets, towns and districts, women and heroes, street talks, talks by the well, talk about those departed in days gone by, tittle-tattle, talks about world and sea, about gain and loss" (A.X, 69 etc.).
In the commentaries 4 further kinds are enumerated, thus bringing the number to 32, as mostly counted, namely: talk about sensuous enjoyment, self-mortification, eternity and self-annihilation.
Two Forms of Death == 二死
1.Natural death of the life
2.Death form external cause and conditions
sida
佛教术语。指地、水、火、风为四种构成物质的基本元素。又名四界。界,是种类的意思,谓地、水、火、风四种物体均能保持各自的形态,不相紊乱。亦名四大种。种,有能生的作用,如种子。佛教认为一切物质都是四大所生。又把物质世界称为色法。色,分能造色和所造色两类,四大种为能造色,其余一切物体为所造色。
四大之“大”,有两种含义:1、相大,如大山大地,大江大海,大山劫火,黑团风、龙卷风等;2、用大,一切物体皆为四大组成(所造)。说一切有部认为,四大各有不同的性能和业用,地大以坚为性,有一定硬度,其业用能受持万物;水大以湿为性,有一定的湿度,其业用能使物摄聚不散;火大以热为性,有一定的温度,其业用能使物成熟;风大以动为性,有一家的动力,其业用能使物成长。四大发内外两类,动物体内的四大称内四大,动物体外的四大称外四大。四大又有实假之分。从四大的坚湿暖动诸性而言,唯身根能感触,属触处所摄色,为实四大;眼根所见的四大,是形色(地水火风的长、短、方、圆、高、下、正、不正等形状)和颜色(地水火风的青、黄、赤、白、黑等颜色),属假四大。佛教认为人身亦由四大构成,以此说明人身无常、不实、受苦。《金光明最胜王经》卷五称:“地水火风共成身,随彼因缘招异果,同在一处相违害,如四毒蛇居一箧。”
四大原是古印度用以分析和认识物质世界的传统说法,佛教加以改造。但古印度佛教以外的各学派,对四大的解释各有不同。顺世派对于物质世界不论能造所造,都说是四大,并认为是常住不变的。胜论派认为四大属于实句义(实体范畴),是常与无常。数论派认为,地水火风既是所造也是能造,说四大是色、声、香、味、触五尘(五唯,即五种细微元素)所造。佛教各派对四大也有不同的见解。大众部认为,四大为能造,色香味触四尘为所造。成实学派认为,四尘能造四大,四大能造五根,主张四大通能造所造。经量部认为能造所造皆通实假,主张微尘是实,粗色属假。一说部认为,能造所造唯有假名,都无实体。瑜伽行派认为,有漏大种所造色属依他起性,无漏大种所造色通圆成实和依他起;大种唯属实,造色通实假。(刘明渊)
s. sabba-loke anabhirati-s.
The ”analytical knowledge of meaning”, is one of the 4 kinds of analytical knowledge (patisambhida^, q.v.).
cuti-citta, is one of the 14 functions of consciousness (vin~n~a^na-kicca, q.v.).
Four Great Elements == 四大
All matters are formed and are composed by four conditioned causes :
(1) earth, which is characterized by solidity and durability
(2) water, which is characterized by liquid/fluid and moisture
(3) fire, which is characterized by energy and warmth
(4) wind, which is characterized by gas/air movement
s. carita.