”clinging to views”, is one of the 4 kinds of clinging (upa^da^na, q.v.).
”purification of view” is the 3rd of the 7 stages of purification (visuddhi III, q.v.).
Four Great Vows == 四弘誓愿
1.Vow to take across the numberless living beings.
2.Vow to cut off the endless afflictions.
3.Vow to study the countless Dharma doors.
4.Vow to realize the supreme Buddha Way.
s. a^yatana.
citta-sankha^ra; s. sankha^ra (2).
ceto-khila (q.v.).
”underived corporeality”, designates the 4 primary elements (maha^bhúta or dha^tu), as distinguished from the ”derived corporeality” (upa^da^-rúpa), such as the sensitive organs, etc. Cf. khandha, I.
the ”vow to wear only robes made from picked-up rags”, is one of the ascetic rules of purification; s. dhutanga.
”earth-element”. or ”solid element”. It is cognizable through the sensations of pressure, touch, cold, heat. pain, etc. - About the 4 elements. s. dha^tu, khandha (I. A.).
Pratyeka-Buddha == 辟支佛
the second stage in Hinayana, the first or initial being that of Sravaka. He is enlightened to the conditions, i.e. the Law of Dependent Origination. He seeks enlightenment for himself and understands deeply Nidanas. He attains his enlightenment alone, independently, or a teacher, and with the object of attaining Nirvana and his own salvation rather than that of others.
vicikiccha^ (q.v.). Cf. kankha^.
Spiritual Ghost == 鬼神
living in the Ghost Path. They are kind dwelling in the nature, e.g. trees, mountain and sea protecting the creatures.
katatta^; s. karma.
Three Delusions == 三惑
In Tien Tai, three doubts in the mind of Bodhisattva, producing three delusions, i.e.,
1.through things seen and thought 2.through the immense variety of duties in saving humans 3.through ignorance
Overcoming (of defilements) by way of: s. paha^na.
”recollection of the peace of Nibba^na”, is the last of the 10 recollections (anussati, q.v.)."Whatsoever, o monks, there are of things, as highest of them is considered detachment (vira^ga), i.e. the crushing of conceit, the stilling of thirst, the uprooting of clinging, the breaking through the round of rebirths, cessation of craving, detachment, extinction, Nibba^na" (A. IV, 34).
”contemplation of vanishing”, is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (vipassana^, q.v.).
Fajie
佛教术语。法泛指宇宙万有一切事物,包括世出世间法,通常释为“轨持”,即一切不同的万事万物都能保持各自的特性,互不相紊,并按自身的轨则,能让人们理解是什么事物。界,含有种族、分齐的意思,即分门别类的不同事物各守其不同的界限。法界一词,在佛学中,一般指意识所缘的境,即十八界中之法界。此法界在小乘七十五法中摄四十六心所、十四不相应行、三无为法及无表色,共六十四法。在大乘百法中摄五十一心所、二十四不相应行、六无为法及法处所摄色(无表),共八十二法。有说法界统摄一切法,其余十七界亦名法界。不同的经论和宗派,对法界的开合分类有所不同,有一法界、三法界、四法界、五法界、十法界等说法。如,《杂阿含经》、《大般若经》、《华严经》、《大乘起信论》等讲一法界,华严宗讲三法界、四法界、五法界、十法界,天台宗、密宗也讲十法界。
一法界 又称缘起法界、真如法界、一真法界、清净法界,并各有不同的解释。1、缘起法界。指无明、行、识、名色、六处、触、受、爱、取、有、生、老死十二缘起法。因为有无明,所以有行,因为有行所以有识,乃至因为有生所以有老死。此缘起法非佛所作,亦非余人所作,若佛出世,若不出世,法性常住。2、真如法界。指宇宙万有诸法理体的不变易性、不虚妄性、离言说相、诸法实相。3、一真法界,亦即真如法界。在华严宗称“理”,在天台宗名“实相”,在唯识宗叫“胜义”,“无二曰一,不妄名真,交彻融摄,故曰法界,即是诸佛平等法身”。4、清净法界。指一切有情远离一切烦恼障、所智障而显现的本来清净的佛性亦即佛的清净法身。
三法界 1、理法界,即真空观。所谓真空,“非断灭空,非离色空,即有明空,亦无空相”。2、理事无碍法界,即理事无碍观。理无形相,全在相(事)中,互为存亡,互不相碍。3、事事无碍法界,即周遍圆融观。指诸法事相,本互相碍,如大小等殊,但为理所包遍,如空无碍,以理容事,全事如理,所以无碍。
四法界 1、事法界。指万有诸法,一一事相有差别。有分齐。2、理法界。指万有诸法同一理性,真如平等,无有差别。3、理事无碍法界。谓理由事显,事中含理,诸注因无自性而能缘起,即理无碍事,缘生诸法皆无自性,即事无碍理。4、事事无碍法界。指一切事法,各有分齐,各守自性,事事相望,多缘互应,一多相即,大小互容,重重无尽。
五法界 1、有为法界。分心境二门,“心”指本识所持种子,“境”指三世诸法差别相,即前事法界。2、无为法界。分本来净和离染净二门。法界众生本来清净,真空一味,无有差别,名本来净;随行浅深,净有差别,名离染净即前理法界。3、亦有为亦无为法界。分随相门与无碍门。受、想、行、识及五种色、八无为法,意识所缘名随相门;一心法界,心真如性,名无碍门。此二门如水与波,恒相杂故,即前理事无碍法界。4、非有为非无为法界。分形夺门和无寄门。事无不入理故非有为,理无不由事显,故非无为。离有为法,无为法不可得,离无为法,有为法不可得,名形夺门;说此法界,离相离性,故二俱非,离相故非有为,离性故非无为,名无寄门。5、无障碍法界。分普摄门和圆融门。指上四法界,随一即摄余一切故,名普摄门;以理融事,事无分齐,微尘非小能融十刹,刹海非大,潜入一尘,以事融理,理中非无分齐,一多无碍,名圆融门。又有法法界、人法界、人法俱融法界、人法俱泯法界、无障碍法界等五法界。
十法界 华严宗有十种法法界和十种人法界。注法界:1、事法界。指十重居宅等;2、理法界。指一味湛然等;3、境法界。指所知分齐等;4、行法界。即悲智广深等;5、体法界。指寂灭无生等;6、用法界。即胜道自在等;7、顺法界。指六度正行等;8、达法界。指五热众鞞等;9、教法界。即所闻言说等;10、义法界。即所诠旨趣等。人法界:即人、天、男、女、在家、出家、外道、诸神、菩萨、佛。
天台大师依法华经义约四圣六凡各自的意境,说十法界:1、佛法界。指自觉觉他、觉行圆满的境界;2、菩萨法界。为得无上菩提修六度万行的境界;3、缘觉法界。为入涅槃修十二因缘观的境界;4、声闻法界。为入涅槃,依佛声教修四谛观法的境界;5、天法界。修上品十善兼修禅定,生于天界,受静妙乐的境界;6、人法界。修五戒及中品十善,受人中苦乐的境界;7、阿修罗法界。行下品十善,得通力自在的非入境界;8、鬼法界。犯下品五逆十恶,受饥渴苦的境界;9、畜生法界。犯中品五逆十恶,受吞“敢杀戮苦:的境界;10、地狱法界。犯上品五逆十恶,受寒热叫唤苦的最下境界。
密宗依《理趣经》约有情五凡五圣说十法界。五凡指地狱、饿鬼、畜生、人、天;五圣即声闻、缘觉、菩萨、权佛、实佛。与上述天台宗说四圣六凡为十法界相似。唯六凡中的阿修罗摄在天中。佛分为权、实二种。权佛,指修密教、即生成佛的修证果位;实佛,指经三大阿僧祇劫修六度万行,自觉觉佛觉行圆满的大觉。
天台止观,于正修行所观十境立十法界;1、阴界入法界;2、烦恼法界;3、病患法界;4、业相法界;5、魔事法界;6、禅定法界;7、诸见法界;8、增上慢法界;9、二乘法界;10、菩萨法界。名观门十法界。(刘明渊)