”Middle Path”, is the Noble Eightfold Path which, by avoiding the two extremes of sensual lust and self-torment, leads to enlightenment and deliverance from suffering.
To give oneself up to indulgence in sensual pleasure (ka^ma-sukha), the base, common, vulgar, unholy, unprofitable; and also to give oneself up to self-torment (atta-kilamatha), the painful, unholy, unprofitable, both these two extremes the Perfect One has avoided and has found the Middle Path (s. magga), which causes one both to see and to know, and which leads to peace, to discernment, to enlightenment, to Nibba^na. It is the Noble Eightfold Path, the way that leads to the extinction of suffering, namely: right understanding, right thought, right speech, right bodily action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration" (S. LVI, 11).
Right Concentration == 正定
right abstraction, the eighth of the Eightfold Path; meditation, focusing the mind without distraction, preparing the mind to attain wisdom.
s. citta-vi^thi.
”receptive consciousness”, is the mindelement (mano-dha^tu) that follows immediately upon the arising of sense-consciousness (visual consciousness, etc.), performing on that occasion the function of recciving the sense-object. Regarding the other functions of consciousness, s. vin~n~a^na-kicca.
”one wth only 7 further rebirths at the utmost”, is one of the 3 kinds of Stream-winners (sota^panna, q.v.).
Satyasiddhi Shastra == 成实论
written by Harivarman and translated by Kumarajiva, on which the Satyasiddhi Sect bases its doctrine. It was a Hinayana variation of the Sunya (emptiness) doctrine. The term is defined as perfectly establishing the real meaning of the Sutras.
”emptiness-deliverance”; s. vimokkha.
Ten Great King Vows == 十大愿王
The vows of Visvabhadra Bodhisattva:(普贤菩萨)
1.To worship and respect all Buddhas.
2.To praise the Thus Come One.
3.To practise offerings.
4.To repent all karmic hindrance.
5.To rejoice and follow merits and virtue.
6.To request that the Dharma wheel be turned.
7.To request that the Buddha remain in the world.
8.To follow the Buddha”s teachings.
9.To live in accord with all living beings.
10.To spread all merits and virtue.
”supportive karma”; s. karma.
Aidixia
——古印度僧人、佛学家。汉名无极自在,本名月藏,法名燃灯吉祥智。生于巴格浦尔(另说班加尔或比哈尔)。11岁在那烂陀寺从觉贤学习佛学,旋去王舍城跟密教大师阿缚都底波陀学习密法,尔后又去超戒寺从那洛波钻研显密两乘。29岁在菩提伽耶摩底寺(另说奥坦多补梨寺)从戒护受具足戒,学习戒律,又从法护学习显教经典。在1013年阿富汗的穆突起默德·伽塞尼的穆斯林军队最后一次侵入印度前,他去金地岛(今苏门答腊)从法称学习密法,并去锡兰(今斯里兰卡)钻研大小乘经论和密咒。44岁时返印度,出任超戒寺首座(大上座),声名极盛,与宝生寂、觉贤、阿缚都底波陀、动毗波、寂贤等人一起被称为超戒寺八贤。
——朗达玛在西藏禁佛以后,佛教陷于危机之中。11世纪西藏阿里地区的统治者绛曲沃(智光)之请,著《菩提道灯论》,提倡三士道和业果的学说,因而被称为业果学者。此时他就西藏当时大译师仁钦桑布(宝贤)之请至妥顶寺。时仁钦桑布已85岁,交谈之后,极为敬佩,遂请其校正自己所译经典,并听从阿底峡的劝告,建舍闭关修定,直至逝世。
阿底峡住阿里三年,正欲回印,到达尼泊尔边境时,适逢战乱,交通阻断,不得不折回西藏。西藏译师仲敦巴请其到卫地弘法,遂应邀至桑耶寺,译出《摄大乘论》及世亲《摄大乘论释》等多种经论。他在桑耶寺看到大量印度所无的经典,甚为震惊。其后又被请到拉萨聂塘,译出《中观心要释思择焰》,并自著两部解释此论的著作。后至耶巴,译出无著造的《究竟一乘宝性论》。
阿底峡的显密译著收于藏文大藏经丹珠尔中的有百多种。他传播的思想和学说,后来形成噶当派。宗喀巴继承和发展他的学说,创立了格鲁派,传播到甘肃、青海、蒙古等地。(郭元兴)
Liuzulun
小乘佛教说一切有部的六部论书的统称。该部基本典籍常被称为“一身六足”。“一身”指迦多衍尼子所著的《发智论》(异译《八犍度论》)。“六足”指《集异门足论》、《法蕴足论》、《施设足论》、《识身足论》、《界身足论》和《品类足论》。
①《集异门足论》。舍利弗著。玄奘译。20卷。有部分藏译。巴米扬(旧译梵衍那)曾有梵本残篇出土。该论主要注释《长阿含经》中所属《众集经》的内容,解说《众集经》中各种佛教术语,因此是说一切有部阿含经的延伸,论藏从经藏中开始分离出来的最初形态。此论的出现,促使说一切有部逐渐成为单独的部派。
②《法蕴足论》。大目犍连著。玄奘译。12卷。梵本已佚,但有残篇出土。此论选取阿含经中的22种主要说教逐一加以解释,每种说教的解释单独成篇。例如杂事品注解了有部所传阿含经中列举的七十八种烦恼;根品注解了二十二根。此论与南传上座部的《分别论》有共通之处。
③《施设足论》。大迦多衍那著。法护等译。7卷。藏译名《因假名》或《因施设》。此论祖述《长阿含经》中所属《世起经》的思想,对阿毗达磨的宇宙观、世界观进行了详细的论证分析,是说一切有部中期出现的论著。
④《识身足论》。提婆设摩著。玄奘译。10卷。主要内容是对人们心识活动的分析,与上座部的《界论》相通。
⑤《界身足论》。世友著。玄奘译。3卷。主要内容是对心和心作用的分析,是说一切有部的理论基础,与上座部的《发趣论》相通。
⑥《品类足论》。世友著。玄奘译。18卷。另有南朝宋求那跋陀罗的译本《众事分阿毗昙论》,12卷。学术界一般认为此书并非出自一人之手,而是各种作品的汇集,论中提到的“五位”、“九十八随眠”等是有部独特的理论。有人认为此书出现的《大毗婆沙论》编集以后,大概在160~320年之间修订。
六足论是说一切有部初期和中期出现的论书,通过这些著作,该部开始建立了自己的世界观、宇宙观和修持论,从而形成了独特的理论体系。(于众)
s. jha^na (7).
s. sama^dhi.
anuloma-n~a^na (q.v.).
s. si^vathika^.
the ”analytical knowledge of the law, is one of the 4 kinds of analytical knowledge (patisambhida^, q.v.).
Manjusri Bodhisattva == 文殊菩萨
As one of the Four Great Bodhisattva, he is the one with the greatest wisdom. Manjusri is said to have: wonderful head, universal head, glossy head, revered head, wonderful virtue and wonderfully auspicious. Manjusri, the guardian of wisdom, is often placed on the left of Shakyamuni, while Visvabhadra, the guardian of law, is on the right. Manjusri always rides on a lion. He is also described as the ninth predecessor or Buddha-ancestor of Shakyamuni. He is the Chief of the Bodhisattva, and the chief disciple of the Buddha. He is the object for the pilgrimages visiting the Wu Tai Shan of Shansi Province in China.
”wrong views with fixed destiny”, are the views of uncausedness of existence (ahetuka-ditthi), of the inefficacy of action (akiriya-ditthi), and nihilism (natthika-ditthi). For details, s. ditthi; and M. 60, Com. (WHEEL 98/99). - (App.)