Fayin
佛教术语。亦译法本、本末、忧檀那等。佛教徒用来鉴别佛法真伪的标准。法,指佛教教义,印,喻世俗印玺,能印证真伪的佛法之印,故名法印。佛教认为,凡符合法印的是佛法,违背法印的则非佛法。按佛教发展的顺序,有三法印、四法印、五法印、一法印之分。
三法印 较早的小乘经、律、论和大乘经、论多说三法印。一般称:1、诸行无常(宇宙万有,皆变化无常);2、诸法无我(世界一切现象皆因缘和合,没有独立的实体或主宰者);3、涅槃寂静(佛教徒修行断尽烦恼,超脱生死轮回,达到涅槃寂静境界)。《杂阿含经》卷十作“一切行无常,一切法无我,涅槃寂灭”。《大智度论》卷二十二称:“佛法印有三种,一者一切有为法,念念生灭皆无常;二者一切法无我;三者寂灭涅槃。”《法印经》则别说三解脱门(空解脱门,无相解脱门,无愿解脱门)为三法印。
四法印 三法印加上“一切诸行苦”为四法印。《增一阿含经》卷十八:“今有四法本末,如来之所说。云何为四?一切诸行无常,是谓初法本末……一切诸行苦,是谓第二法本末……一切诸行无我,是谓第三法本末……涅槃为永寂,是谓第四法本末。”《菩萨地持经》卷八:“有四忧檀那法,诸佛菩萨为令众生清净故说。云何为四?一切行无常,是忧檀那法;一切行若,是忧檀那法;一切法无我,是忧檀那法;涅槃寂灭,是忧檀那法。”南传巴利语“增一部”及《法句经》则立三法印为:1、一切行无常;2、一切行苦;3、一切法无我。增“涅槃永寂”为四法印,均大同而小异。
五法印 四法印加“一切法空”(世界一切现象皆虚幻不实)则为五法印。《维摩经》卷上:“昔者佛为诸比丘略说法要……谓无常义、苦义、空义、无我义、寂灭义。”
一法印 即“一实相印”(实相即“真如”、“法性”)。小乘讲三法印,大乘提一实相印。《法华经·方便品》:“无量众所尊,为说实相印。”《法华玄义》卷八上:“诸小乘经,若有无常、无我、涅槃三印印之,即是佛说,修之得道;无三法印即是魔说。大乘经但有一法印,谓诸法实相,名了义经,能得大道;若无实相印,是魔所说。”
上述三法印、四法印、五法印、一法印等,只是在不同场合的说法,无实质差异。智顗在《法华玄义》卷八,列举实相十二异名,即妙有、真善妙色、实际、毕竟空、如如、涅槃、虚空、佛性、如来藏中实理心、非有非无中道、第一义谛、微妙寂灭。说明一实相印可总摄缘起、无常、无我、寂灭等,合三、四、五法印为一实相印。(刘明渊)
Jileshijie
佛教术语。也称净土、乐邦。佛教徒所信仰的没有苦难的理想世界,是相对于世俗众生所居的“秽土”而言。净土的思想起源很早,在婆罗门教和小乘佛教的一些派别中就有它的渊源。在婆罗门教中,净土是毗湿奴所在的天界。小乘佛教中有些俗人集团已信仰净土往生。但作为一种系统的思想派别则在大乘佛教时期。大乘《弥勒上生经》中提到有兜率天净土;《妙法莲华经》提到灵山净土;《华严经》中提到莲花藏世界;《药师琉璃光如来本愿功德经》中提到琉璃净土;《大宝积经》中提到如来妙喜净土;《大乘密严经》中提到密严净土等。《无量寿经》、《观无量寿经》、《阿弥陀经》等则详细描述阿弥陀佛的净土,并根据上述经典的思想建立了净土宗。该宗认为人们只要通过念佛、修观的方法,就能在一期生命终止时往生极乐世界。极乐世界的教主是阿弥陀佛。阿弥陀佛净土与弥勒净土、药师净土同为中国佛教徒所信仰的三大净土。
佛教认为时间无始无终,空间无边无际,佛土(世界)无穷无尽,每一佛土中都有一位佛在那里教化众生。极乐世界即是这无穷无尽世界中的一个。《阿弥陀经》说,极乐世界距离人们居住的“娑婆世界”有“十万亿佛土”之遥。在这个极乐世界中,无量功德庄严,国中声闻,菩萨无数,讲堂、精舍、宫殿、楼观、宝树、宝池等均以七宝庄严,微妙严净,百味饮食随意而至,自然演出万种伎乐,皆是法音。其国人等智慧高明,颜貌端严。但受诸乐,无有痛若,皆能趋向佛之正道。
《阿弥陀经》说,若有善男子善女人闻说阿弥陀佛,执持名号,从一日乃至七日能够一心不乱,此人临命终时心不颠倒,即得往生西方极乐世界。《药师如来本愿功德经》等所说的东方药师佛居住教化的琉璃世界,也是佛教徒所向往的理想国土。那里的地面由琉璃构成,连药师佛的身躯,也如同琉璃一样内外光洁,所以称琉璃世界。佛经上说此世界和西方极乐世界一样,具有说不尽的庄严美妙;那里没有男女性别上的差异,没有五欲的过患;琉璃为地,金绳界道;城垣、宫殿都是七宝所成。人们只要在生前持诵《药师经》,称念药师佛名号,并广修众善,死后即可往生琉璃世界。(净慧)
印度尼西亚著名佛塔。位于爪哇岛中部古鲁州马吉朗地区,始建于9世纪初年塞林多罗王朝的全盛时期。它是一座独具特色的“窣堵波”(塔)。自下而上的十层可分为塔底、塔身和顶部三大部分。塔底呈方形,周长达120米。塔墙高4米,下面的基石亦高达1.5米,宽3米;塔身共五层平台,愈往上愈小。第一层平台离地面边缘约7米,形成环绕佛塔四周的宽平台。其余每层平台依次收缩2米,四周装栏杆变平台为走廓;顶部由三个圆台组成,每个圆台都有一圈钟形舍利塔丁绕,共计72座。在这同一圆心的三圈舍利塔中央,是佛塔本身的半球形圆顶,离地面35米。这种宗教象征性建筑融合概括了大乘佛理。渐次升高的十层,象征菩萨成佛前的十地。塔底代表欲界,此界中人们摆脱不了各种欲望;五层方台代表色界,此界中人们已摒弃各种欲望,但仍有名有形;三个圆台和大圆顶代表无色界,此时人们不再有名有形,永远摆脱了世间一切桎梏。此塔的另一精神意蕴是祖先崇拜。按照当时人的观念,阶梯式住菜建筑,是祖先住所的象征。
婆罗浮屠的雕刻艺术附属于整个建筑设计之内,共有壁龛(佛龛)432个。各层平台的壁龛、顶部的舍利塔中皆置一尊佛像,总计505尊,加深了佛教主题的表现。其浅浮雕尤具特色。塔底四面墙内有160幅浮雕,宣传业报轮回、来世解脱。塔身墙上、栏杆上均饰有浮雕,在全长2500米的范围里,有1300幅叙事浮雕,1212幅装饰浮雕。第一层走廓的正墙上,描绘了佛陀从降生到涅槃的全部过程。第二、三、四层的浮雕描绘胜财到处参访、寻求人生真谛的情节。佛陀、菩萨往往与动物飞鸟、舞女乐师、渔民猎人杂处,国王、武士和战争也都是经常表现的题材。艺术家技艺精湛,能在布满小孔及微粒的火长石上较好地表现出人体肌肤的柔润感。画面布局完美,结构和谐。据传造此塔曾组织农民和奴录几十万人,用15年时间建成,用去石块5500立方米,是当时世界上最大的佛教建筑之一。
随着15世纪当地居民改信伊斯兰教,婆罗浮屠旺盛的香火日渐衰竭。后因火山爆发而遭堙没,直到19世纪初才被重新发现。1985年2月正在修缮之际,又遭到破坏。(罗照辉)
The 9 ”successive extinctions”, are the 8 extinctions reached through the 8 absorptions (jha^na, q.v.) and the extinction of feeling and perception” (s. nirodha-sama^patti), as it is said in A. IX, 31 and D. 33:
"In him who has entered the 1st absorption, the sensuous perceptions (ka^ma-san~n~a^) are extinguished. Having entered the 2nd absorption, thought-conception and discursive thinking (vitakkavica^ra, q.v.) are extinguished. Having entered the 3rd absorption, rapture (pi^ti, q.v.) is extinguished. Having entered the 4th absorption, in-and-out breathing (assa^sa-passa^sa, q.v.) are extinguished. Having entered the sphere of boundless space (a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana), the corporeality perceptions (rúpa-san~n~a^) are extinguished. Having entered the sphere of boundless consciousness (vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana), the perception of the sphere of boundless space is extinguished. Having entered the sphere of nothingness (a^kin~can~n~a^yatana), the perception of the sphere of boundless consciousness is extinguished. Having entered the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception (neva-san~n~a^-na^san~n~a^yatana) the perception of the sphere of nothingness is extinguished. Having entered the extinction of perception and feeling (san~n~a^vedayitanirodha) perception and feeling are extinguished." For further details, s. jha^na, nirodha-sama^patti.
the 9 ”successive abodes”, are identical with the 9 anupubba-nirodha (s. above). In A. IX, 33 they are called successive attainments (anupubba-sama^patti).
Avatamsaka Sutra == 华严经
One of the great sutras in Buddhism. It was sermoned in heaven by Buddha Shakyamuni soon after his attainment of Buddhahood. The sutra reveals different causes and ways of cultivation of many great Bodhisattvas, such as Ten Grades of Faith, Ten Stages of Wisdom, Ten Activities, Ten Transference of Merits, Ten Stages of Bodhisattva, Absolute Universal Enlightenment, Wonderful Enlightenment, etc. It also reveals how to enter Avatamsaka World (Buddha”s world) from Saha World (our world).
”contemplation of consciousness”, is one of the 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipattha^na, q.v.)
”painful progress”; s. patipada^.
Eight Sufferings == 八苦
(1) Suffering of Birth
(2) Suffering of Old Age
(3) Suffering of Sickness
(4) Suffering of Death
(5) Suffering of being apart from the loved ones
(6) Suffering being together with the despised ones
(7) Suffering of not getting what one wants
(8) Suffering of the flourishing of the Five Skandhas
s. ma^na.
saddha^-carita; s. carita.
Four Holy Realms == 四圣道
They are Sravaka, Praetyka-Buddha, Bodhisattva, and Buddha.
”contemplation of the body”, is one of the 4 foundations of mindfulness; s. satipattha^na.
”contemplation of dissolution”, is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (s. vipassana^).
s. mada.
Sangha (q.v.); further s. pabbajja^, progress of the disciple.
pakati-si^la (q.v.).
”deliverance through wisdom” (or understanding”), signifies, according to Com. to A.V, 142, the wisdom associated with the fruition of holiness (arahatta-phala). In Pug. 31 and similarly in M. 70, it is said: "A monk may not have reached in his own person the 8 liberations (=jha^na, q.v.), but through his wisdom the cankers have come to extinction in him. Such a person is called wisdom-liberated" (pan~n~a^-vimutta). - Com. to Pug.: "He may be one of five persons: either a practiser of bare insight (sukkha-vipassako, q.v.), or one who has attained to Holiness after rising from one of the absorptions." See S. XII, 7().
The term is often linked with ceto-vimutti (q.v.), ”deliverance of mind”.