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atta catu gati hate meat path sati agati amata ARHAT atta^ death great satta vatta water ANATTA Arahat atappa eating JATAKA MATTER matter sugati vatthu virati anatta^ created duggati matured patched patigha samatha sassata vipatti vivatta a^yatana anussati atima^na dogmatic fatalism KSATRIYA nibbatti PATIENCE patience sammatta sankhata tathata^ ujukata^ uposatha 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) asankhata attention avya^kata breathing deviation dukkhata^ formation immediate mahaggata micchatta pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha SENSATION SIX PATHS ti ratana aberration aggregates BODHISATTA Bodhisatta foundation generation intimation liberation MAHASATTVA MEDITATION meditation paramattha patisandhi pattida^na sama^patti si^labbata sota^patti ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TWO DEATHS vin~n~atti wrong path ANAPANASATI appicchata^ association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA foundations infatuation inoperative kamma patha kamma vatta mana^yatana MIDDLE PATH middle path origination patipannaka patti da^na penetration preparatory realization rúpa^yatana sala^yatana si^vathika^ temperature vavattha^na 无我(anatman) 真如(tathata) abhinibbatti accumulation dispensation dissociation hate natured heat element inclinations intoxicating kammattha^na pakati si^la patisandhika purification RENUNCIATION vatthu ka^ma 三界(tridhatu) Abbreviations anatta^ va^da attentiveness atthi paccaya concentration CONTEMPLATION contemplation deathlessness determination dhamma^yatana ditthi ppatta hadaya vatthu investigating investigation kamman~n~ata^ kammattha^na^ loathsomeness material food nimma^na rati pa^gun~n~ata^ patisambhida^ patisankha^na satipattha^na tittha^yatana vivatta kappa water element abhibha^yatana asan~n~a satta atta kilamatha buddha^nussati citt’ekaggata^ devata^nussati dhamma^nussati EIGHTFOLD PATH eightfold path greedy natured katatta^ kamma marana^nussati natthi paccaya niyata puggala path condition relative truth samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu stupid natured transformation ugghatitan~n~u upapatti bhava vigata paccaya 二谛(twi-satyas) 三谛(tri-satyas) a^na^pa^na sati avigata paccaya cakkh’ a^yatana deluded natured EIGHT NEGATIONS FOUR GREAT VOWS gustatory organ indriya samatta natthika ditthi pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina PRATYEKA-BUDDHA samatha ya^nika sappatigha rúpa SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga tatha^gata bala tranquilisation upasama^nussati 百论(Sata-sastra) 法界(dharmadhatu) 极乐世界(sukhavati) adhipati paccaya anatta^ san~n~a^ atthangika magga AVATAMSAKA SUTRA dukkha patipada^ faithful natured immaterial world ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya vin~n~atti karma formations life infatuation mental formation natural morality nava satta^va^sa neyyattha dhamma ni^tattha dhamma THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS vaci^ vin~n~atti 四谛(catur-satyas) 吴哥古迹(Angkor Vat) a^nupubbi^ katha^ anatta^nupassana^ cittass’ekaggata^ immaterial sphere kusala kammapatha na^natta san~n~a^ pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la paticcasamuppa^da patta pindik’anga santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava tatramajjhattata^ youth infatuation ahetu patisandhika atta va^dupa^da^na catu voka^ra bhava dha^tu vavattha^na health infatuation karma accumulation maturity knowledge nirodha sama^patti patibha^ga nimitta patikkúla san~n~a^ regenerative karma ruminating natured samatha vipassana^ self mortification tatra majjhattata^ tiraccha^na katha^ TWO FORMS OF DEATH 四大(caturmahabhuta) anabhirati san~n~a^ attha patisambhida^ death consciousness FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS intelligent natured majjhima^ patipada^ RIGHT CONCENTRATION sampaticchana citta sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA sun~n~ata^ vimokkha TEN GREAT KING VOWS upatthambhaka kamma 阿底峡(Atisa 982~1054) 六足论(Satpada sastra) a^kin~can~n~a^yatana access concentration adaptation knowledge cemetery meditations dhamma patisambhida^ MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA niyata miccha^ditthi pubbeniva^sa^nussati regenerating process SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ ti hetu patisandhika vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 中道(madhyamapratipad) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana bhojane mattan~n~uta^ death proximate karma dependent origination dvi hetuka patisandhi germinating once more ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na pun~n~a kiriya vatthu THREE CLASSIFICATIONS ubhato bha^ga vimutta vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana catu pa^risuddhi si^la FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence yatha^kammúpaga n~a^na 楞伽经(Lankavatara-sutra) 缘起(pratitya-samutpada) bhayatupattha^na n~a^na catu dha^tu vavattha^na dasa (tatha^gata ) bala FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na patinissagga^nupassana^ sabbúpadhi patinissagga SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 成实论(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 佛性(buddhata, buddhatva) attainment concentration patibha^na patisambhida^ reflecting contemplation hate rooted consciousness indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA 佛教文学(Buddhist literature) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga paranimmita vasavatti deva TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION neighbourhood concentration origination of corporeality PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost 常乐我净(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 菩萨戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA lahuta^ muduta^, kamman~n~ata^ pariyatti patipatti, pativedha SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi n’eva san~n~a^ n’a^san~n~a^yatana NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 成唯识论(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-sastra) 达斯,S·C·(Sarat Chandra Das 1849~1917) a^rammana^dhipati a^rammanupanissaya FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS TWELVE LINKS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 华严经(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 三十七菩提分(saptatrimsadbodhi-paksika-dharmah) 中国佛教协会(The Buddhist Association of China) 大方等大集经(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) 阿弥陀经(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 唯识二十论(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-vimsa-kakarika-sastra) 唯识三十颂(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-trimsai-kakarika-sastra) 国际佛教研究协会(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) sura^meraya majja ppama^dattha^na^ veramani^ sikkha^padam sama^diya^mi ▲ 收起
南传佛教英文辞典 【325】patipassaddhi paha^na

”overcoming  (of  defilements)  by  tranquillization”  (s.  paha^na).

南传佛教英文辞典 【326】pun~n~a kiriya vatthu

”bases  of  meritorious  action”.  In  the  suttas,  3  are  mentioned  consisting  of  giving  (liberality;  da^na-maya-p.),  of  morality  (si^la-maya-p.)  and  of  mental  development  (meditation;  bha^vana^-maya-p.).  See  D.  33;  It.  60;  expl.  in  A.  VIII,  36.
Commentaries  have  a  list  of  ten  (dasa  p.)  which  is  very  popular  in  Buddhist  countries:  (1)-(3)  as  above,  (4)  reverence  (apaciti),  (5)  service  (veyya^vacca),  (6)  transference  of  merit  (patta^nuppada^na),  (7)  rejoicing  in  others”  merit  (abbha^numodana),  (8)  expounding  the  Doctrine  (desana^),  (9)  listening  to  the  Doctrine  (savana),  (10)  straightening  one”s  right  views  (rectification  of  views;  ditthujukamma).  -  Expl.  in  Atthasa^lini  Tr.  209ff.
See  ”The  Advantages  of  Merit”,  by  Bhikkhu  Khantipalo  (BODHI  LEAVES  B.  38).

英汉对照词典 【327】THREE CLASSIFICATIONS

Three  Classifications  ==  三科

Buddha  shows  that  a  person  is  nothing  more  than  a  combination  of  various  elements  which  come  together  under  suitable  conditions.  They  are  
1.the  Five  Skandhas五蕴  
2.the  Twelve  Bases十二处  
3.the  Eighteen  Fields十八界

南传佛教英文辞典 【328】ubhato bha^ga vimutta

  the  ”both-ways-liberated  one”,  is  the  name  of  one  class  of  noble  disciples  (ariya-puggala,  q.v.).  He  is  liberated  in  2  ways,  namely,  by  way  of  all  8  absorptions  (jha^na,  q.v.)  as  well  as  by  the  supermundane  path  (sota^patti,  etc.)  based  on  insight  (vipassana^,  q.v.).  In  M.  70  it  is  said:
””Who,  o  monks,  is  a  both-ways-liberated  one”?  If  someone  in  his  own  person  has  reached  the  8  liberations  (absorptions),  and  through  wise  penetration  the  cankers  (a^sava,  q.v.)  have  become  extinguished,  such  a  one  is  called  a  both-ways-liberated  one.””  Cf.  D.  15.
In  the  widest  sense,  one  is  both-ways-liberated  if  one  has  reached  one  or  the  other  of  the  absorptions,  and  one  or  the  other  of  the  supermundane  paths  (cf.  A.  IX,  44).
The  first  liberation  is  also  called  ”liberation  of  mind”  (cetovimutti),  the  latter  liberation  through  wisdom”  (pan~n~a^-vimutti).
The  first  liberation,  however,  is  merely  temporary,  being  a  liberation  through  repression  (vikkhambhana-vimutti  =  vikkhambhana-paha^na:  s.  paha^na).

南传佛教英文辞典 【329】vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana

  ”sphere  of  boundless  consciousn  is  a  name  for  the  2nd  meditiative  absorption  in  the  immateria  sphere  (s.  jha^na,  6).

南传佛教英文辞典 【330】catu pa^risuddhi si^la

  s.  si^la.

英汉对照词典 【331】FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA

Four  Great  Bodhisattva  ==  四大菩萨

They  represent  the  four  major  characters  of  Bodhisattva:  
1.Manjusri  -  Universal  Great  Wisdom  Bodhisattva  
2.Samantabhadra  -  Universal  Worthy  Great  Conduct  Bodhisattva  
3.Ksitigarbha  -  Earth  Treasury  King  Great  Vow  Bodhisattva  
4.Avalokitesvara  -  Guan  Shr  Yin  Great  Compassion  Bodhisattva

英汉对照词典 【332】SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS

Sixteen  Contemplations  ==  十六观经

see  Vipasyana  Sukhavativyha  Sutra.

南传佛教英文辞典 【333】substrata of existence

  upadhi  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【334】yatha^kammúpaga n~a^na

”knowledge  of  rebirth  according  to  one”s  actions”;  s.  abhin~n~a^  (4).

中国百科全书 【335】楞伽经(Lankavatara-sutra)

  Lengqiejing

  佛教经典。全名《楞伽阿跋多罗宝经》或《入楞伽经》。lanka  是斯里兰卡岛的古名,Vatara  意为“入”或“表露”。意为释迦佛在斯里兰卡地方所说的经。梵文原本系印度笈多王朝时期出现的中期大乘佛典之一,与《解深密经》同为论述唯识思想的重要经典。此经一般认为在无著以后所成立。它与偏重于信仰并具有浓重的文学色彩的初期大乘经典不同,偏重于理论的研究和哲学的说明。《楞迦经》出现后,很快就传入了中国,最早的译本是南朝宋元嘉二十年(443)求那跋陀罗的译本(即《楞伽阿跋多罗宝经》4卷)。以后还有北魏菩提流支的译本《入楞伽经》10卷,实叉难陀的译本《大乘入楞伽经》7卷。此外,还有藏译本和日本南条文雄校刊的梵本。藏译本与梵本最接近。在汉译各本中,实叉难陀的译本与梵本比较接近。求那跋陀罗的译本最能表现此经的原始形态,流行也最广。

  此经除序文说明其产生的原由,宣说离言自性的法门外,其主要内容有:①阐述“三界唯心”的学说。认为一切诸法都系“自心所见”,“自心所现”,是“自内证”;②说明真妄的因缘;③辨明邪正的因果,说明去妄归真的旨意及五法(名、相、唐妄想、正智、如如)、三性、八识、二无我(法无我、人无我)的道理。认为八识是阿赖耶识大海生起的波浪,阿赖邪识是“原因”和“根本识”,它是无始以来的本体。阿赖耶识也就是“如来藏”;④明法身之常住,以示生死、涅槃之平等;⑤示藏心自性,以明真妄、生灭、平等之相;⑥广说六度,指出自性之妙行;⑦广决众疑;⑧指出性戒,以彰生佛平等之理。全经以离名绝相的第一义心为宗,以妄想无性为旨趣,以五法、三自性、八识、二无我为教相,以自觉圣智为体,以斥小辨邪为用,为大乘瑜伽行派的学说奠定理论基础。经中还提到如来的异名有梵、毗湿努、自在天、因陀罗等,但给予不同内容的解释,可见其受到印度教的影响。

  《楞伽经》对中国佛教影响颇大。据说菩提达摩曾以此经授慧可,并云:“我观汉地,唯有此经,仁者依行,自得度世。”但慧可却对此经“专附言理”,进行了自由阐发。慧可门徒更持此经,游行村落,不入都邑,行头陀行。他们主张“专唯念慧,不在话言”,实行以“忘言、忘念、无得正观”为宗旨的禅法,逐渐形成独立的一种派别,被称楞伽师,并成为以后禅宗的先驱者。

  注疏主要的有唐法藏《入楞伽经心玄义》1卷,智俨《楞伽经注》(仅存卷二卷五残本);宋善月《楞伽经通义》6卷,正受《楞伽经集注》4卷,宝臣《大乘入楞伽经注》10卷,杨彦国《楞伽经纂》4卷;明德清《观楞伽经记》8卷及《楞伽补遗》1卷,智旭《楞伽经玄义》1卷及《楞伽经义疏》9卷,通润《楞伽经合辙》8卷,宗泐与如玘《楞伽经注解》8卷,广莫《楞伽经参订疏》8卷,曾凤仪《楞伽经宗通》8卷,焦竑《楞伽经精解评林》1卷等。日本有光谦的《楞伽经讲翼》和养存的《楞伽经论疏折衰》等。(高振农)

中国百科全书 【336】缘起(pratitya-samutpada)

  yuanqi

  佛教教义。亦名缘生。“因缘生起”的略称。缘,意为关系或条件,所谓缘起即诸法由缘而起;宇宙间一切事物和现象的生起变化,都有相对的互存关系或条件。佛教常用“此有则彼有,此生则彼生,此无则彼无,此灭则彼灭”来说明缘起的理论。缘起说是原始佛教针对当时各种宗教哲学主张宇宙是从“大梵天造”、“大自在天造”,或从“自性生”、“宿因生”、“偶然因生”、“生类因说”等理论而提出,用以解释世界、社会、人生和各种精神现象产生的根源。最早的缘起说是“业感缘起”即十二因缘说,主要用以解释人生痛苦的原因,但后来各派对缘起的认识和解释各有不同。中观派和三论宗主张“性空缘起”,认为只有一切事物的本性体空,才能生起一切事物。《中论》称:“因缘所生法,我说即是空。”瑜伽行派和法相宗主张“阿赖耶缘起”,以“三界唯心”、“唯识无境”来说明世界的本原。《大乘起信论》作“真如缘起”,《胜鬘经》等作“如来藏缘起”,均以佛心、法净心为世界的根源。华严宗把各家关于缘起的学说,用判教形式概括为四种:1、业感缘起。由烦恼恶业招苦果,因果相续,六道展转,生死轮回,为小乘之缘起观;2、阿赖耶缘起。由阿赖耶识之种子起现行,现行又熏种子,以现行诸法为缘,生烦恼恶业而招感苦果,三世因果辗转相续,为大乘始教之缘起观;3、如来藏缘起。又名真如缘起。如真或如来藏为染净之缘所驱,生种种事物,其染分现六道生死轮回,其净分现四种圣人,为大乘终教之缘起观;4、法界缘起。法界通常指真如、实相等,即真如法性之本体为一法界。又为一切法缘一切法成一大缘起,以一法成一切法,一切法生一法,一与多、心与境等圆融无碍,为圆教之缘起观。(任杰)

南传佛教英文辞典 【337】bhayatupattha^na n~a^na

”knowledge  consisting  in  the  awareness  of  terror”,  is  one  of  those  kinds  of  insight-knowledge  that  form  the  ”purification  by  knowledge  and  vision  of  the  path-progress”  (s.  visuddhi,  VI.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【338】catu dha^tu vavattha^na

”analysis  of  the  four  elements”;  s.  dha^tu-vavattha^na.

南传佛教英文辞典 【339】dasa (tatha^gata ) bala

”the  ten  powers  (of  a  Perfect  One);  or,  he  who  Possesses  the  10  P.”,  i.e.  the  Buddha.  About  him  it  is  said  (e.g.,  M.  12.;  A.  X,  21):
There,  o  monks,  the  Perfect  One  understands  according  to  reality  the  possible  as  possible,  and  the  impossible  as  impossible  ...  the  result  of  past,  present  and  future  actions  ...  the  path  leading  to  the  welfare  of  all  ...  the  world  with  its  many  different  elements  ...  the  different  inclinations  in  beings  ...  the  lower  and  higher  faculties  in  beings  ...  the  defilement,  purity  and  rising  with  regard  to  the  absorptions,  deliverances,  concentration  and  attainments  ...  remembering  many  former  rebirths  ...  perceiving  with  the  divine  eye  how  beings  vanish  and  reappear  again  according  to  their  actions  (karma)  ...  gaining,  through  extinction  of  all  taints,  possession  of  ”deliverance  of  mind”  and  ”deliverance  through  wisdom”...."

英汉对照词典 【340】FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS

Five  Basic  Afflications  ==  五根本烦恼

The  five  fundamental  conditions  of  the  passions  and  delusions:  
1.wrong  view,  which  are  common  to  the  Trailokya  
2.clinging  or  attachment  in  the  Desire  Realm  
3.clinging  or  attachment  in  the  Form  Realm  
4.clinging  or  attachment  in  the  Formless  Realm  
5.the  state  of  unenlightenment  or  ignorance  in  Trailokya,  which  is  the  root-cause  of  all  distressful  delusion.

南传佛教英文辞典 【341】muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na

”knowledge  consisting  in  the  desire  for  deliverance”;  s.  visuddhi  (VI.  6).

南传佛教英文辞典 【342】patinissagga^nupassana^

  ”contemplation  on  abandonment”,  is  one  of  the  18  kinds  of  insight  (vipassana^  q.v.).  Further  cf.  the  16th  exercise  of  anapana-sati  (q.v.).

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