”overcoming (of defilements) by tranquillization” (s. paha^na).
”bases of meritorious action”. In the suttas, 3 are mentioned consisting of giving (liberality; da^na-maya-p.), of morality (si^la-maya-p.) and of mental development (meditation; bha^vana^-maya-p.). See D. 33; It. 60; expl. in A. VIII, 36.
Commentaries have a list of ten (dasa p.) which is very popular in Buddhist countries: (1)-(3) as above, (4) reverence (apaciti), (5) service (veyya^vacca), (6) transference of merit (patta^nuppada^na), (7) rejoicing in others” merit (abbha^numodana), (8) expounding the Doctrine (desana^), (9) listening to the Doctrine (savana), (10) straightening one”s right views (rectification of views; ditthujukamma). - Expl. in Atthasa^lini Tr. 209ff.
See ”The Advantages of Merit”, by Bhikkhu Khantipalo (BODHI LEAVES B. 38).
Three Classifications == 三科
Buddha shows that a person is nothing more than a combination of various elements which come together under suitable conditions. They are
1.the Five Skandhas五蕴
2.the Twelve Bases十二处
3.the Eighteen Fields十八界
the ”both-ways-liberated one”, is the name of one class of noble disciples (ariya-puggala, q.v.). He is liberated in 2 ways, namely, by way of all 8 absorptions (jha^na, q.v.) as well as by the supermundane path (sota^patti, etc.) based on insight (vipassana^, q.v.). In M. 70 it is said:
””Who, o monks, is a both-ways-liberated one”? If someone in his own person has reached the 8 liberations (absorptions), and through wise penetration the cankers (a^sava, q.v.) have become extinguished, such a one is called a both-ways-liberated one.”” Cf. D. 15.
In the widest sense, one is both-ways-liberated if one has reached one or the other of the absorptions, and one or the other of the supermundane paths (cf. A. IX, 44).
The first liberation is also called ”liberation of mind” (cetovimutti), the latter liberation through wisdom” (pan~n~a^-vimutti).
The first liberation, however, is merely temporary, being a liberation through repression (vikkhambhana-vimutti = vikkhambhana-paha^na: s. paha^na).
”sphere of boundless consciousn is a name for the 2nd meditiative absorption in the immateria sphere (s. jha^na, 6).
s. si^la.
Four Great Bodhisattva == 四大菩萨
They represent the four major characters of Bodhisattva:
1.Manjusri - Universal Great Wisdom Bodhisattva
2.Samantabhadra - Universal Worthy Great Conduct Bodhisattva
3.Ksitigarbha - Earth Treasury King Great Vow Bodhisattva
4.Avalokitesvara - Guan Shr Yin Great Compassion Bodhisattva
Sixteen Contemplations == 十六观经
see Vipasyana Sukhavativyha Sutra.
upadhi (q.v.).
”knowledge of rebirth according to one”s actions”; s. abhin~n~a^ (4).
Lengqiejing
佛教经典。全名《楞伽阿跋多罗宝经》或《入楞伽经》。lanka 是斯里兰卡岛的古名,Vatara 意为“入”或“表露”。意为释迦佛在斯里兰卡地方所说的经。梵文原本系印度笈多王朝时期出现的中期大乘佛典之一,与《解深密经》同为论述唯识思想的重要经典。此经一般认为在无著以后所成立。它与偏重于信仰并具有浓重的文学色彩的初期大乘经典不同,偏重于理论的研究和哲学的说明。《楞迦经》出现后,很快就传入了中国,最早的译本是南朝宋元嘉二十年(443)求那跋陀罗的译本(即《楞伽阿跋多罗宝经》4卷)。以后还有北魏菩提流支的译本《入楞伽经》10卷,实叉难陀的译本《大乘入楞伽经》7卷。此外,还有藏译本和日本南条文雄校刊的梵本。藏译本与梵本最接近。在汉译各本中,实叉难陀的译本与梵本比较接近。求那跋陀罗的译本最能表现此经的原始形态,流行也最广。
此经除序文说明其产生的原由,宣说离言自性的法门外,其主要内容有:①阐述“三界唯心”的学说。认为一切诸法都系“自心所见”,“自心所现”,是“自内证”;②说明真妄的因缘;③辨明邪正的因果,说明去妄归真的旨意及五法(名、相、唐妄想、正智、如如)、三性、八识、二无我(法无我、人无我)的道理。认为八识是阿赖耶识大海生起的波浪,阿赖邪识是“原因”和“根本识”,它是无始以来的本体。阿赖耶识也就是“如来藏”;④明法身之常住,以示生死、涅槃之平等;⑤示藏心自性,以明真妄、生灭、平等之相;⑥广说六度,指出自性之妙行;⑦广决众疑;⑧指出性戒,以彰生佛平等之理。全经以离名绝相的第一义心为宗,以妄想无性为旨趣,以五法、三自性、八识、二无我为教相,以自觉圣智为体,以斥小辨邪为用,为大乘瑜伽行派的学说奠定理论基础。经中还提到如来的异名有梵、毗湿努、自在天、因陀罗等,但给予不同内容的解释,可见其受到印度教的影响。
《楞伽经》对中国佛教影响颇大。据说菩提达摩曾以此经授慧可,并云:“我观汉地,唯有此经,仁者依行,自得度世。”但慧可却对此经“专附言理”,进行了自由阐发。慧可门徒更持此经,游行村落,不入都邑,行头陀行。他们主张“专唯念慧,不在话言”,实行以“忘言、忘念、无得正观”为宗旨的禅法,逐渐形成独立的一种派别,被称楞伽师,并成为以后禅宗的先驱者。
注疏主要的有唐法藏《入楞伽经心玄义》1卷,智俨《楞伽经注》(仅存卷二卷五残本);宋善月《楞伽经通义》6卷,正受《楞伽经集注》4卷,宝臣《大乘入楞伽经注》10卷,杨彦国《楞伽经纂》4卷;明德清《观楞伽经记》8卷及《楞伽补遗》1卷,智旭《楞伽经玄义》1卷及《楞伽经义疏》9卷,通润《楞伽经合辙》8卷,宗泐与如玘《楞伽经注解》8卷,广莫《楞伽经参订疏》8卷,曾凤仪《楞伽经宗通》8卷,焦竑《楞伽经精解评林》1卷等。日本有光谦的《楞伽经讲翼》和养存的《楞伽经论疏折衰》等。(高振农)
yuanqi
佛教教义。亦名缘生。“因缘生起”的略称。缘,意为关系或条件,所谓缘起即诸法由缘而起;宇宙间一切事物和现象的生起变化,都有相对的互存关系或条件。佛教常用“此有则彼有,此生则彼生,此无则彼无,此灭则彼灭”来说明缘起的理论。缘起说是原始佛教针对当时各种宗教哲学主张宇宙是从“大梵天造”、“大自在天造”,或从“自性生”、“宿因生”、“偶然因生”、“生类因说”等理论而提出,用以解释世界、社会、人生和各种精神现象产生的根源。最早的缘起说是“业感缘起”即十二因缘说,主要用以解释人生痛苦的原因,但后来各派对缘起的认识和解释各有不同。中观派和三论宗主张“性空缘起”,认为只有一切事物的本性体空,才能生起一切事物。《中论》称:“因缘所生法,我说即是空。”瑜伽行派和法相宗主张“阿赖耶缘起”,以“三界唯心”、“唯识无境”来说明世界的本原。《大乘起信论》作“真如缘起”,《胜鬘经》等作“如来藏缘起”,均以佛心、法净心为世界的根源。华严宗把各家关于缘起的学说,用判教形式概括为四种:1、业感缘起。由烦恼恶业招苦果,因果相续,六道展转,生死轮回,为小乘之缘起观;2、阿赖耶缘起。由阿赖耶识之种子起现行,现行又熏种子,以现行诸法为缘,生烦恼恶业而招感苦果,三世因果辗转相续,为大乘始教之缘起观;3、如来藏缘起。又名真如缘起。如真或如来藏为染净之缘所驱,生种种事物,其染分现六道生死轮回,其净分现四种圣人,为大乘终教之缘起观;4、法界缘起。法界通常指真如、实相等,即真如法性之本体为一法界。又为一切法缘一切法成一大缘起,以一法成一切法,一切法生一法,一与多、心与境等圆融无碍,为圆教之缘起观。(任杰)
”knowledge consisting in the awareness of terror”, is one of those kinds of insight-knowledge that form the ”purification by knowledge and vision of the path-progress” (s. visuddhi, VI.).
”analysis of the four elements”; s. dha^tu-vavattha^na.
”the ten powers (of a Perfect One); or, he who Possesses the 10 P.”, i.e. the Buddha. About him it is said (e.g., M. 12.; A. X, 21):
There, o monks, the Perfect One understands according to reality the possible as possible, and the impossible as impossible ... the result of past, present and future actions ... the path leading to the welfare of all ... the world with its many different elements ... the different inclinations in beings ... the lower and higher faculties in beings ... the defilement, purity and rising with regard to the absorptions, deliverances, concentration and attainments ... remembering many former rebirths ... perceiving with the divine eye how beings vanish and reappear again according to their actions (karma) ... gaining, through extinction of all taints, possession of ”deliverance of mind” and ”deliverance through wisdom”...."
Five Basic Afflications == 五根本烦恼
The five fundamental conditions of the passions and delusions:
1.wrong view, which are common to the Trailokya
2.clinging or attachment in the Desire Realm
3.clinging or attachment in the Form Realm
4.clinging or attachment in the Formless Realm
5.the state of unenlightenment or ignorance in Trailokya, which is the root-cause of all distressful delusion.
”knowledge consisting in the desire for deliverance”; s. visuddhi (VI. 6).
”contemplation on abandonment”, is one of the 18 kinds of insight (vipassana^ q.v.). Further cf. the 16th exercise of anapana-sati (q.v.).