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南傳佛教英文辭典 【19】fire element

  s.  dha^tu  (I).

英漢對照詞典 【20】FOUR VIRTUES

Four  Virtues  ==  四德

The  four  Nirvana  virtues:
(1)  Eternity  or  permanence
(2)  Joy
(3)  Personality
(4)  Purity  
These  four  important  virtues  are  affirmed  by  the  sutra  in  the  transcendental  or  nirvana-realm.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【21】hiri ottappa

”moral  shame  and  moral  dread”,  are  associated  with  all  karmically  wholesome  consciousness  (s.  Tab.  II).
"To  be  ashamed  of  what  one  ought  to  be  ashamed  of,  to  be  ashamed  of  performing  evil  and  unwholesome  things:  this  is  called  moral  shame.  To  be  in  dread  of  what  one  ought  to  be  in  dread  of,  to  be  in  dread  of  performing  evil  and  unwholesome  things:  this  is  called  moral  dread"  (Pug,  79,  80).
"Two  lucid  things,  o  monks,  protect  the  world:  moral  shame  and  moral  dread.  If  these  two  things  were  not  to  protect  the  world,  then  one  would  respect  neither  one”s  mother,  nor  one”s  mother”s  sister,  nor  one”s  brother”s  wife,  nor  one”s  teacher”s  wife  ...."  (A.  II,  7).  Cf.  ahirika.  See  Atthasa^lini  Tr.  I.  pp.  164ff.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【22】twin miracle

  yamaka-pa^tiha^riya  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【23】birth process

  upapatti-bhava:  s.  bhava.  Further  s.  patisandhi,  ja^ti.

英漢對照詞典 【24】THREE VIRTUES

Three  Virtues  ==  叁德

The  three  virtues  of  power,  
1.the  virtue,  or  potency  of  the  Buddha”s  eternal,  spiritual  body,  i.e.,  the  Dharmakaya  
2.the  virtue  of  his  Prajna,  knowing  all  things  in  their  reality  
3.the  virtue  of  his  freedom  from  all  attachments  and  his  sovereign  liberty

南傳佛教英文辭典 【25】akiriya ditthi

  view  of  the  inefficacy  of  action”;  s.  ditthi.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【26】desirelessness

  contemplation  on:  s.  vipassana^  (12).

英漢對照詞典 【27】TEN DIRECTIONS

Ten  Directions  ==  十方

the  ten  directions  of  space,  i.e.  the  eight  points  of  the  compass  and  the  nadir  and  zenith.  There  is  a  Buddha  in  each  direction.

英漢對照詞典 【28】SPIRITUAL GHOST

Spiritual  Ghost  ==  鬼神

living  in  the  Ghost  Path.  They  are  kind  dwelling  in  the  nature,  e.g.  trees,  mountain  and  sea  protecting  the  creatures.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【29】anupubba nirodha

  The  9  ”successive  extinctions”,  are  the  8  extinctions  reached  through  the  8  absorptions  (jha^na,  q.v.)  and  the  extinction  of  feeling  and  perception”  (s.  nirodha-sama^patti),  as  it  is  said  in  A.  IX,  31  and  D.  33:
"In  him  who  has  entered  the  1st  absorption,  the  sensuous  perceptions  (ka^ma-san~n~a^)  are  extinguished.  Having  entered  the  2nd  absorption,  thought-conception  and  discursive  thinking  (vitakkavica^ra,  q.v.)  are  extinguished.  Having  entered  the  3rd  absorption,  rapture  (pi^ti,  q.v.)  is  extinguished.  Having  entered  the  4th  absorption,  in-and-out  breathing  (assa^sa-passa^sa,  q.v.)  are  extinguished.  Having  entered  the  sphere  of  boundless  space  (a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana),  the  corporeality  perceptions  (rúpa-san~n~a^)  are  extinguished.  Having  entered  the  sphere  of  boundless  consciousness  (vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana),  the  perception  of  the  sphere  of  boundless  space  is  extinguished.  Having  entered  the  sphere  of  nothingness  (a^kin~can~n~a^yatana),  the  perception  of  the  sphere  of  boundless  consciousness  is  extinguished.  Having  entered  the  sphere  of  neither-perception-nor-non-perception  (neva-san~n~a^-na^san~n~a^yatana)  the  perception  of  the  sphere  of  nothingness  is  extinguished.  Having  entered  the  extinction  of  perception  and  feeling  (san~n~a^vedayitanirodha)  perception  and  feeling  are  extinguished."  For  further  details,  s.  jha^na,  nirodha-sama^patti.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【30】round of rebirth

  s.  vatta  (2),  samsa^ra.  -  The  3-fold  r.  of  r.  (s.  vatta,  1).

英漢對照詞典 【31】THIRTY-TWO FORMS

Thirty-two  Forms  ==  叁十二相

These  are  the  physical  marks  of  a  Buddha  
1.Level  feet  
2.thousand-spoke  wheel-sign  on  feet  
3.long  slender  fingers  
4.pliant  hands  and  feet  
5.toes  and  fingers  finely  webbed  
6.full-sized  heels  
7.arched  insteps  
8.thigh  like  a  royal  stag  
9.hands  reaching  below  the  knees  
10.well-retracted  male  organ  
11.height  and  stretch  of  arms  equal  
12.every  hair-root  dark  coloured  
13.body  hair  graceful  and  curly  
14.golden-hued  body  
15.a  ten-foot  halo  around  him  
16.soft  smooth  skin  
17.two  soles,  two  palms,  two  shoulders  and  crown  well  rounded  
18.below  the  armpits  well-filled  
19.lion-shaped  body  
20.erect  
21.full  shoulders  
22.forty  teeth  
23.teeth  white  even  and  close  
24.the  four  canine  teeth  pure  white  
25.lion-jawed  
26.salvia  improving  the  taste  of  all  food  
27.tongue  long  and  broad  
28.voice  deep  and  resonant  
29.eye  deep  blue  
30.eye  lashes  like  a  royal  bull  
31.a  white  urna  or  curl  between  the  eyebrows  emitting  light  
32.an  usnisa  or  fleshy  protuberance  on  the  crown.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【32】tiraccha^na yoni

”animal  womb”;  birth  as  animal.  The  animal  kingdom  belongs  to  the  sensuous  world  (s.  loka),  is  one  of  the  4  lower  worlds  (s.  apa^ya)  and  one  of  the  3  woeful  courses  of  existence  (s.  gati).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【33】ahirika anottappa

”lack  of  moral  shame  and  dread”,  ...
are  two  of  the  4  unwholesome  factors  associated  with  all  karmically  unwholesome  states  of  consciousness,  the  two  others  being  restlessness  (uddhacca)  and  delusion  (moha).  Cf.  Tab.  II.
"There  are  two  sinister  things,  namely,  lack  of  moral  shame  and  dread,  etc."  (A.II.6)."Not  to  be  ashamed  of  what  one  should  be  ashamed  of;  not  to  be  ashamed  of  evil,  unwholesome  things:  this  is  called  lack  of  moral  shame"  (Pug.  59)."Not  to  dread  what  one  should  dread  ...  this  is  called  lack  of  moral  dread  (Pug.  60).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【34】nirodha sama^patti

”attainment  of  extinction”  (S.  XIV,  11),  also  called  san~n~a^-vedayita-nirodha,  ”extinction  of  feeling  and  perception”,  is  the  temporary  suspension  of  all  consciousness  and  mental  activity,  following  immediately  upon  the  semi-conscious  state  called  ”sphere  of  neither-perception-nor-non-perception”  (s.  jha^na,  8).  The  absolutely  necessary  pre-conditions  to  its  attainment  are  said  to  be  perfect  mastery  of  all  the  8  absorptions  (jha^na),  as  well  as  the  previous  attainment  of  Ana^ga^mi  or  Arahatship  (s.  ariya-puggala).
According  to  Vis.M.  XXIII,  the  entering  into  this  state  takes  place  in  the  following  way:  by  means  of  mental  tranquillity  (samatha)  and  insight  (vipassana^)  one  has  to  pass  through  all  the  8  absorptions  one  after  the  other  up  to  the  sphere  of  neither-perception-nor-non-perception  and  then  one  has  to  bring  this  state  to  an  end.  If,  namely,  according  to  the  Vis.M.,  the  disciple  (Ana^ga^mi  or  Arahat)  passes  through  the  absorption  merely  by  means  of  tranquillity,  i.e.  concentration,  he  will  only  attain  the  sphere  of  neither-perception-nor-non-perception,  and  then  come  to  a  standstill;  if,  on  the  other  hand,  he  proceeds  only  with  insight,  he  will  reach  the  fruition  (phala)  of  Ana^ga^mi  or  Arahatship.  He,  however,  who  by  means  of  both  faculties  has  risen  from  absorption  to  absorption  and,  having  made  the  necessary  preparations,  brings  the  sphere  of  neither-perception-nor-non-perception  to  an  end,  such  a  one  reaches  the  state  of  extinction.  Whilst  the  disciple  is  passing  through  the  8  absorptions,  he  each  time  emerges  from  the  absorption  attained,  and  regards  with  his  insight  all  the  mental  phenomena  constituting  that  special  absorption,  as  impermanent,  miserable  and  impersonal.  Then  he  again  enters  the  next  higher  absorption,  and  thus,  after  each  absorption  practising  insight,  he  at  last  reaches  the  state  of  neither-perception-nor-non-perception,  and  thereafter  the  full  extinction.  This  state,  according  to  the  Com.,  may  last  for  7  days  or  even  longer.  Immediately  at  the  rising  from  this  state,  however,  there  arises  in  the  Ana^ga^mi  the  fruition  of  Ana^ga^miship  (ana^ga^mi-phala),  in  the  Arahat  the  fruition  of  Arahatship  (arahatta-phala).
With  regard  to  the  difference  existing  between  the  monk  abiding  in  this  state  of  extinction  on  the  one  hand,  and  a  dead  person  on  the  other  hand,  M  43  says:  "In  him  who  is  dead,  and  whose  life  has  come  to  an  end,  the  bodily  (in-and-outbreathing),  verbal  (thought-conception  and  discursive  thinking),  and  mental  functions  (s.  sankha^ra,  2)  have  become  suspended  and  come  to  a  standstill,  life  is  exhausted,  the  vital  heat  extinguished,  the  faculties  are  destroyed.  Also  in  the  monk  who  has  reached  ”extinction  of  perception  and  feeling”  (san~n~a^-vedayita-nirodha),  the  bodily,  verbal  and  mental  functions  have  been  suspended  and  come  to  a  standstill,  but  life  is  not  exhausted,  the  vital  heat  not  extinguished,  and  the  faculties  are  not  destroyed."
For  details,  see  Vis.M.  XXIII;  for  texts  s.  Path  206.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【35】nirodha^nupassana^

  ”contemplation  of  extinction”,  is  one  of  the  18  chief  kinds  of  insight  (vipassana^  q.v.).  See  a^na^pa^nasati  (15).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【36】tiraccha^na katha^

”low  talk”,  lit.”beastly  talk”,  is  the  name  in  the  sutta-texts  for  the  following:  "Talk  about  kings  and  robbers,  ministers  and  armies,  danger  and  war,  eating  and  drinking,  clothes  and  dwellings,  garlands  and  scents,  relations,  chariots,  villages  and  markets,  towns  and  districts,  women  and  heroes,  street  talks,  talks  by  the  well,  talk  about  those  departed  in  days  gone  by,  tittle-tattle,  talks  about  world  and  sea,  about  gain  and  loss"  (A.X,  69  etc.).
In  the  commentaries  4  further  kinds  are  enumerated,  thus  bringing  the  number  to  32,  as  mostly  counted,  namely:  talk  about  sensuous  enjoyment,  self-mortification,  eternity  and  self-annihilation.

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