s. dha^tu (I).
Four Virtues == 四德
The four Nirvana virtues:
(1) Eternity or permanence
(2) Joy
(3) Personality
(4) Purity
These four important virtues are affirmed by the sutra in the transcendental or nirvana-realm.
”moral shame and moral dread”, are associated with all karmically wholesome consciousness (s. Tab. II).
"To be ashamed of what one ought to be ashamed of, to be ashamed of performing evil and unwholesome things: this is called moral shame. To be in dread of what one ought to be in dread of, to be in dread of performing evil and unwholesome things: this is called moral dread" (Pug, 79, 80).
"Two lucid things, o monks, protect the world: moral shame and moral dread. If these two things were not to protect the world, then one would respect neither one”s mother, nor one”s mother”s sister, nor one”s brother”s wife, nor one”s teacher”s wife ...." (A. II, 7). Cf. ahirika. See Atthasa^lini Tr. I. pp. 164ff.
yamaka-pa^tiha^riya (q.v.).
upapatti-bhava: s. bhava. Further s. patisandhi, ja^ti.
Three Virtues == 叁德
The three virtues of power,
1.the virtue, or potency of the Buddha”s eternal, spiritual body, i.e., the Dharmakaya
2.the virtue of his Prajna, knowing all things in their reality
3.the virtue of his freedom from all attachments and his sovereign liberty
view of the inefficacy of action”; s. ditthi.
contemplation on: s. vipassana^ (12).
Ten Directions == 十方
the ten directions of space, i.e. the eight points of the compass and the nadir and zenith. There is a Buddha in each direction.
Spiritual Ghost == 鬼神
living in the Ghost Path. They are kind dwelling in the nature, e.g. trees, mountain and sea protecting the creatures.
The 9 ”successive extinctions”, are the 8 extinctions reached through the 8 absorptions (jha^na, q.v.) and the extinction of feeling and perception” (s. nirodha-sama^patti), as it is said in A. IX, 31 and D. 33:
"In him who has entered the 1st absorption, the sensuous perceptions (ka^ma-san~n~a^) are extinguished. Having entered the 2nd absorption, thought-conception and discursive thinking (vitakkavica^ra, q.v.) are extinguished. Having entered the 3rd absorption, rapture (pi^ti, q.v.) is extinguished. Having entered the 4th absorption, in-and-out breathing (assa^sa-passa^sa, q.v.) are extinguished. Having entered the sphere of boundless space (a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana), the corporeality perceptions (rúpa-san~n~a^) are extinguished. Having entered the sphere of boundless consciousness (vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana), the perception of the sphere of boundless space is extinguished. Having entered the sphere of nothingness (a^kin~can~n~a^yatana), the perception of the sphere of boundless consciousness is extinguished. Having entered the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception (neva-san~n~a^-na^san~n~a^yatana) the perception of the sphere of nothingness is extinguished. Having entered the extinction of perception and feeling (san~n~a^vedayitanirodha) perception and feeling are extinguished." For further details, s. jha^na, nirodha-sama^patti.
s. vatta (2), samsa^ra. - The 3-fold r. of r. (s. vatta, 1).
Thirty-two Forms == 叁十二相
These are the physical marks of a Buddha
1.Level feet
2.thousand-spoke wheel-sign on feet
3.long slender fingers
4.pliant hands and feet
5.toes and fingers finely webbed
6.full-sized heels
7.arched insteps
8.thigh like a royal stag
9.hands reaching below the knees
10.well-retracted male organ
11.height and stretch of arms equal
12.every hair-root dark coloured
13.body hair graceful and curly
14.golden-hued body
15.a ten-foot halo around him
16.soft smooth skin
17.two soles, two palms, two shoulders and crown well rounded
18.below the armpits well-filled
19.lion-shaped body
20.erect
21.full shoulders
22.forty teeth
23.teeth white even and close
24.the four canine teeth pure white
25.lion-jawed
26.salvia improving the taste of all food
27.tongue long and broad
28.voice deep and resonant
29.eye deep blue
30.eye lashes like a royal bull
31.a white urna or curl between the eyebrows emitting light
32.an usnisa or fleshy protuberance on the crown.
”animal womb”; birth as animal. The animal kingdom belongs to the sensuous world (s. loka), is one of the 4 lower worlds (s. apa^ya) and one of the 3 woeful courses of existence (s. gati).
”lack of moral shame and dread”, ...
are two of the 4 unwholesome factors associated with all karmically unwholesome states of consciousness, the two others being restlessness (uddhacca) and delusion (moha). Cf. Tab. II.
"There are two sinister things, namely, lack of moral shame and dread, etc." (A.II.6)."Not to be ashamed of what one should be ashamed of; not to be ashamed of evil, unwholesome things: this is called lack of moral shame" (Pug. 59)."Not to dread what one should dread ... this is called lack of moral dread (Pug. 60).
”attainment of extinction” (S. XIV, 11), also called san~n~a^-vedayita-nirodha, ”extinction of feeling and perception”, is the temporary suspension of all consciousness and mental activity, following immediately upon the semi-conscious state called ”sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception” (s. jha^na, 8). The absolutely necessary pre-conditions to its attainment are said to be perfect mastery of all the 8 absorptions (jha^na), as well as the previous attainment of Ana^ga^mi or Arahatship (s. ariya-puggala).
According to Vis.M. XXIII, the entering into this state takes place in the following way: by means of mental tranquillity (samatha) and insight (vipassana^) one has to pass through all the 8 absorptions one after the other up to the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception and then one has to bring this state to an end. If, namely, according to the Vis.M., the disciple (Ana^ga^mi or Arahat) passes through the absorption merely by means of tranquillity, i.e. concentration, he will only attain the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, and then come to a standstill; if, on the other hand, he proceeds only with insight, he will reach the fruition (phala) of Ana^ga^mi or Arahatship. He, however, who by means of both faculties has risen from absorption to absorption and, having made the necessary preparations, brings the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception to an end, such a one reaches the state of extinction. Whilst the disciple is passing through the 8 absorptions, he each time emerges from the absorption attained, and regards with his insight all the mental phenomena constituting that special absorption, as impermanent, miserable and impersonal. Then he again enters the next higher absorption, and thus, after each absorption practising insight, he at last reaches the state of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, and thereafter the full extinction. This state, according to the Com., may last for 7 days or even longer. Immediately at the rising from this state, however, there arises in the Ana^ga^mi the fruition of Ana^ga^miship (ana^ga^mi-phala), in the Arahat the fruition of Arahatship (arahatta-phala).
With regard to the difference existing between the monk abiding in this state of extinction on the one hand, and a dead person on the other hand, M 43 says: "In him who is dead, and whose life has come to an end, the bodily (in-and-outbreathing), verbal (thought-conception and discursive thinking), and mental functions (s. sankha^ra, 2) have become suspended and come to a standstill, life is exhausted, the vital heat extinguished, the faculties are destroyed. Also in the monk who has reached ”extinction of perception and feeling” (san~n~a^-vedayita-nirodha), the bodily, verbal and mental functions have been suspended and come to a standstill, but life is not exhausted, the vital heat not extinguished, and the faculties are not destroyed."
For details, see Vis.M. XXIII; for texts s. Path 206.
”contemplation of extinction”, is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (vipassana^ q.v.). See a^na^pa^nasati (15).
”low talk”, lit.”beastly talk”, is the name in the sutta-texts for the following: "Talk about kings and robbers, ministers and armies, danger and war, eating and drinking, clothes and dwellings, garlands and scents, relations, chariots, villages and markets, towns and districts, women and heroes, street talks, talks by the well, talk about those departed in days gone by, tittle-tattle, talks about world and sea, about gain and loss" (A.X, 69 etc.).
In the commentaries 4 further kinds are enumerated, thus bringing the number to 32, as mostly counted, namely: talk about sensuous enjoyment, self-mortification, eternity and self-annihilation.