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utu catu hetu lust RUPA unit ASURA asura cause doubt kuppa rules STUPA subha SUDRA sukha SUTRA " beauty BHIKSU BUDDHA Buddha cakkhu course dha^tu dukkha favour groups grudge KARUNA kusala MUDITA purity RAHULA refuge sexual suddha sugati sukkha SUMERU truths tusita upa^di upadhi usages vatthu virtue woeful a^ruppa AKUSALA akusala anusaya bhikkhu counter duggati HSU YUN HUA TOU karuna^ KUSHALA lahuta^ matured mudita^ muduta^ mundane neutral puggala pun~n~a rapture sammuti skilful sublime sun~n~a thought turning upacaya UPEKKHA vimutti acquired AKUSHALA anussati BHIKSUNI delusion dhutanga fruition HUI NENG impurity influxes kukkucca postures scruples sensuous sucarita suchness uddhacca ujukata^ upa^saka upaca^ra upekkha^ uposatha upstream visuddhi 空(sunya) beautiful behaviour boundless dhuta^nga duccarita dukkhata^ ENDURANCE faculties impulsion indulging lokuttara NAGARJUNA nutriment PURE LAND SARIPUTRA SIX DUSTS SIX GUNAS suffering treasures upa^da^na upa^sika^ contiguity continuity cuti citta enthusiasm equanimity foundation FOUR PHALA FOUR SEALS functional impurities individual inducement ka^ma guna mutability obduracies productive punabbhava puthujjana repugnance sensuality SHAKYAMUNI successive SUDDHODANA unprepared unshakable upakkilesa upavica^ra yuganaddha a^po dha^tu anupassana^ corruptions cutúpapa^ta destruction dissolution foundations human world infatuation karma round kusala múla LOTUS SUTRA mano dha^tu mindfulness pure abodes samuttha^na supernormal tejo dha^tu temperature unthinkable unwholesome uprightness accumulation bahula kamma ceto vimutti covetousness dibba cakkhu FOUR VIRTUES garuka kamma hate natured karma result purification purisindriya RENUNCIATION santutthita^ subconscious suddha^va^sa supermundane tranquillity upa^da^ rúpa va^yo dha^tu vatthu ka^ma viveka sukha 佛教(Buddhism) 藍毗尼(lumbini) 叁界(tridhatu) ahetuka citta akuppa dhamma anuloma citta ariya puggala BHAISAJYAGURU cakkhu dha^tu consciousness dhamma dha^tu FIVE BHIKSHUS FOUR FRUITION hadaya vatthu ka^mupa^da^na ka^ya lahuta^ pa^gun~n~ata^ RIGHT THOUGHT sammuti sacca silent buddha subha nimitta susa^nik’anga THREE STUDIES THREE VIRTUES unconditioned understanding upekkhindriya vipacitan~n~u 因明(Hetuvidya) a^ka^sa dha^tu ahetuka ditthi altruistic joy AMITABHA SUTRA anuloma n~a^na auditory organ Buddha sa^sana buddha^nussati citta visuddhi devata^nussati dhamma^nussati frivolous talk greedy natured habitual karma kusala vipa^ka marana^nussati niyata puggala pacceka buddha relative truth saddha^nusa^ri sahetuka citta samudaya sacca samvara suddhi samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu SIX FULFILMENT stupid natured uccheda ditthi uggaha nimitta ugghatitan~n~u upapatti bhava upekkha^ sukha 佛身(buddhakaya) akusala vitakka appama^na subha deluded natured dhamma^nusa^ri^ ditth’upa^da^na ditthi visuddhi FOUR GREAT VOWS gustatory organ mental function mental obduracy no upa^da^ rúpa pamsukúlik’anga pathavi^ dha^tu PRATYEKA-BUDDHA sceptical doubt SPIRITUAL GHOST stored up karma THREE DELUSIONS tranquilisation upasama^nussati vaya^nupassana^ 法界(dharmadhatu) 法印(dharmamudra) 極樂世界(sukhavati) 婆羅浮屠(Borobudur) anupubba nirodha anupubba viha^ra AVATAMSAKA SUTRA citta^nupassana^ dukkha patipada^ EIGHT SUFFERINGS equality conceit faithful natured FOUR HOLY REALMS ka^ya^nupassana^ khaya^nupassana^ life infatuation monks’ community natural morality pan~n~a^ vimutti pun~n~a^ dha^ra^ round of rebirth sensuous craving sukkha vipassaka supportive karma THREE SUFFERINGS upapi^laka kamma upekkha^ vedana^ upekkhopavica^ra vikubbana^ iddhi 經量部(Sautrantike) 律經(Vinaya-sutra) 菩提伽耶(Buddhagaya) 釋迦牟尼 (Sakyamuni) 四谛(catur-satyas) a^nupubbi^ katha^ anatta^nupassana^ anicca^nupassana^ cakkhu vin~n~a^na destructive karma dhamma^nupassana^ dukkha^nupassana^ eye consciousness FOUR FEARLESSNESS FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS FOURFOLD ASSEMBLY kusala kammapatha pa^risuddhi si^la pakati upanissaya paticcasamuppa^da pureja^ta paccaya rukkha mulik’anga sensuous clinging SINGALOVADA SUTRA SIX CONSCIOUSNESS sudassa sudassi^ suppressive karma upaca^ra sama^dhi upacchedaka kamma upagha^taka kamma vedana^nupassana^ youth infatuation 迦毗羅衛(Kapilavastu) 空海(Kukai 774~835) 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) ahetu patisandhika atta va^dupa^da^na catu voka^ra bhava corporeality group dha^tu vavattha^na domanassupavica^ra full comprehension hasituppa^da citta health infatuation karma accumulation maturity knowledge meritorious action nirodha^nupassana^ ONE BUDDHA VEHICLE ruminating natured sampayutta paccaya samuccheda paha^na SIDDHARTHA GOUTAMA unconscious beings upa^da^na kkhandha upanissaya paccaya vippayutta paccaya vira^ga^nupassana^ WORLD HONOURED ONE 佛所行贊(Buddhacarita) 解脫道論(Vimuttimagga) 四大(caturmahabhuta) animitta^nupassana^ answering questions ANUPADISESA-NIBBANA BURNING LAMP BUDDHA counteractive karma death consciousness discursive thinking FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS FOUR UNLIMITED MIND fruits of monk life gradual instruction intelligent natured lofty consciousness maha^purisa vitakka one group existence RIGHT UNDERSTANDING sattakkhattu parama spiritual faculties sun~n~ata^ vimokkha superiority conceit suta maya^ pan~n~a^ upatthambhaka kamma 大乘經(Mahayana sutra) 清淨道論(Visuddhimagga) akuppa^ ceto vimutti anurakkhana padha^na five group existence four group existence greedy consciousness ka^mesu miccha^ca^ra MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA manovinn~a^na dha^tu NIRVANA WITH RESIDUE paccavekkhana suddhi pubbeniva^sa^nussati pun~n~a^bhisankha^ra SA-UPADISESA-NIBBANA SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ TEN TITLES OF BUDDHA ti hetu patisandhika UNCONDITIONED DHARMA VAST AND LONG TONGUE vivattana^nupassana^ 龍樹(Nagarjuna 約2/3世紀) 源空(Genku 1133~1212) animitta ceto vimutti anupa^disesa nibba^na apun~n~a^bhisankha^ra bhojane mattan~n~uta^ deluded consciousness DVADASHAMUKHA SHASTRA dvi hetuka patisandhi nirutti patisambhida^ produced corporeality pun~n~a kiriya vatthu questions and answers sacca^nulomika n~a^na TEN MERITORIOUS DEEDS ubhato bha^ga vimutta upekkha^ sambojjhanga 朝鮮佛教(Korean Buddhism) 梵網經(Brahmajala-sutra) 覺音(Buddhaghosa 5世紀中葉) 世親(Vasubandhu 約4或5世紀) 印度佛教(Indian Buddhism) appama^na ceto vimutti catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa doctrine of the Buddha FLOWER ADORNMENT SUTRA FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA kamma samuttha^na rúpa n~a^nadassana visuddhi prescribed moral rules sa upa^disesa nibba^na substrata of existence THREE UNIVERSAL TRUTHS unshakable deliverance upahacca parinibba^yi^ viparina^ma^nupassana^ 長阿含經(Dirghagama-sutra) 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) 緣起(pratitya-samutpada) 中國佛教(Chinese Buddhism) bhayatupattha^na n~a^na catu dha^tu vavattha^na FOUR IMMEASURABLE MINDS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na NIRVANA WITHOUT RESIDUE patinissagga^nupassana^ receptive consciousness sankha^rupekkha^ n~a^na 佛性(buddhata, buddhatva) 毗尼多流支(Vinitaruci ?~594) 菩提流支(Bodhiruci 約5~6世紀間) 日本佛教(Japanese Buddhism) 四分律(Dharmagupta-vinaya) ANNUTARA-SAMYAK-SAMBODHI bhanga^nupassana^ n~a^na clarity of consciousness ka^ma sukh’allika^nuyoga multiformity perceptions REALM OF SENSUOUS DESIRE uddhambha^giya samyojana upapajja vedani^ya kamma verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日經(Mahavairocana-sutra) 尼泊爾佛教(Nepalese Buddhism) 無量壽經(Aparimitayur-sutra) 原始佛教(primitive Buddhism) 雜阿含經(Samyuktagama-sutra) a^ji^va pa^risuddhi si^la adukkha m asukha^ vedana^ hate rooted consciousness indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ kankha^ vitarana visuddhi nibbida^nupassana^ n~a^na pa^risuddhi padha^niyanga registering consciousness spontaneously born beings support decisive support VIMALAKIRTI-NIVDESA SUTRA 佛教文學(Buddhist literature) 求那跋陀羅(Gunabhadra 394~468) 增一阿含經(Ekottaragama-sutra) 中阿含經(Madh yamagama-sutra) a^kin~can~n~a ceto vimutti ability to acquire insight dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu functions of consciousness happy courses of existence khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga MAHA-PRAJNA-PARAMITA-SUTRA mind consciousness element THREEFOLD BODY OF A BUDDHA uddhamsota akanitthaga^mi^ 越南佛教(Vietnamese Buddhism) a^di^nava^nupassana^ n~a^na balance of mental faculties karma produced corporeality neighbourhood concentration PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS thought thought conception 佛教建築(Buddhist architecture) 字井伯壽(Ui Hakuju 1882~1963) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika NINE STAGES OF LOTUS FLOWERS patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost udayabbaya^nupassana^ n~a^na 常樂我淨(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 大般涅槃經(Mahaparinirvana-sutra) 佛陀跋陀羅(buddhabhadra 359~429) 觀無量壽經(Amitayurbhavana-sutra) 楞嚴經(surangama-samadhi-sutra) 南條文雄(Nanjo Bunyu 1849~1927) 瑜伽師地論(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) EVIL TIME OF FIVE TURBIDITIES vuttha^na ga^mini^ vipassana^ 斯裏蘭卡佛教(Buddhism in Sri Lanka) 中國佛教美術(Buddhist art in China) ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA 維摩經(Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra) equilibrium of mental faculties lahuta^ muduta^, kamman~n~ata^ subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 村上專精(Murakami Senjo 1851~1928) 大般若經(Mahaprajna-paramita-sutra) 鈴木大拙(Suzuki Daisetsu 1870~1966) 妙法蓮華經(Saddharmapundarika-sutra) 中國佛教音樂(Buddhist music in China) karmically acquired corporeality patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi 冢本善隆(Tsukamoto Zenryu 1898~1980) citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa FOUR ASPECTS (OF BUDDHIST DHARMA) 勝鬘經(Srimala-devi simhanada-sutra) 望月信亨(Mochizuki Shinko 1869~1948) 仰光大金塔(Mahamuni Pagoda of Rangoon) a^ha^ra ja (or-samuttha^na) - rúpa magga^magga n~a^nadassana visuddhi NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 東南亞佛教(Buddhism in South East Asia) 鸠摩羅什(Kumarajiva 344~413,一說350~409) 高楠順次郎(Takakusu Junjiro 1866~1945) 解深密經(Sandhinir-mokcana-vyuha-sutra) 攝大乘論(Mahayana-samuparigraha-sastra) 中國佛學院(The Chinese Buddhist Academy) 歐美佛教(Buddhism in America and Europe) a^rammana^dhipati a^rammanupanissaya FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS 般若波羅蜜多心經(Prajna-paramita-hrdaya-sutra) FOUR WAYS (OF LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 雜阿毗昙心論(Samyuktabhidharma-hrdaya-sastra) TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 金剛經(Vajracchedika-prajna-paramita-sutra) 華嚴經(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 馬克斯·缪勒,F·(Friedrich Max Muller 1823~1900) 中國佛教協會(The Buddhist Association of China) karmically wholesome, unwholesome, neutral FOUR RELIANCE (TO LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) 大方等大集經(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) 阿彌陀經(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 馬拉拉塞克拉,G·P·(Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera 1899~1973) 國際佛教研究協會(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) sura^meraya majja ppama^dattha^na^ veramani^ sikkha^padam sama^diya^mi ▲ 收起
阿含辭典 【19】"

- 莊春江居士編

南傳佛教英文辭典 【20】beauty

  deliverance  through  the  perception  of:  cf.  vimokkha  (II.  3)  To  hold  for  beautiful  or  pure  (subha)  what  is  impure  (asubha),  is  one  of  the  4  perversions  (s.  vipalla^sa).

英漢對照詞典 【21】BHIKSU

Bhiksu  ==  比丘

A  monk,  who  has  left  home,  been  fully  ordained,  and  depends  on  alms  for  a  living.

英漢對照詞典 【22】BUDDHA

Buddha  ==  佛

Means  "the  Enlightened  One"  or  "the  Awakened  One".

南傳佛教英文辭典 【23】Buddha

  s.  samma^-sambodhi.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【24】cakkhu

  ”eye”  s.  a^yatana.  -  The  foll.  5  kinds  of  ”eyes”  are  mentioned  and  explained  in  CNid.  (PTS,  p.  235;  the  first  3  also  in  It.  52):  1.  the  physical  eye  (mamsa  cakkhu),  2.  the  divine  eye  (dibba-cakkhu;  s.  abhin~n~a^),  3.  the  eye  of  wisdom  (pan~n~a^-cakkhu),  4  the  eye  of  a  Buddha  (Buddha-c.),  5.  the  eye  of  all-round  knowledge  (samanta-c.;  a  frequent  appellation  of  the  Buddha).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【25】course

  of  action  (wholesome  or  unwholesome):  kammapatha  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【26】dha^tu

  ”elements”,  are  the  ultimate  constituents  of  a  whole.
(1)  The  4  physical  elements  (dha^tu  or  maha^-bhúta),  popularly  called  earth,  water,  fire  and  wind,  are  to  be  understood  as  the  primary  qualities  of  matter.  They  are  named  in  Pa^li:  pathavi^-dha^tu,  a^po-dha^tu,  tejo-dha^tu,  and  va^yo-dha^tu.  In  Vis.M.  XI,  2  the  four  elements  are  defined  thus:  "Whatever  is  characterized  by  hardness  (thaddha-lakkkhana)  is  the  earth  or  solid-element;  by  cohesion  (a^bandhana)  or  fluidity,  the  water-element;  by  heating  (paripa^cana),  the  fire  or  heat-element;  by  strengthening  or  supporting  (vitthambhana),  the  wind  or  motion-element.  All  four  are  present  in  every  material  object,  though  in  varying  degrees  of  strength.  If,  for  instance,  the  earth  element  predominates,  the  material  object  is  called  ”solid”,  etc.  -  For  the  analysis  of  the  4  elements,  s.  dha^tu-vavattha^na.
(II)  The  18  physical  and  mental  elements  that  constitute  the  conditions  or  foundations  of  the  process  of  perception,  are:

1.  visual  organ  (eye)  9.  gustative  object
2.  auditory  organ  (ear)  10.  body-impression
3.  olfactory  organ  (nose)  11.  eye-consciousness
4.  gustatory  organ  (tongue)  12.  ear-consciousness
5.  tactile  organ  (body)  13.  nose-consciousness
6.  visible  object  14.  tongue-consciousness
7.  sound  or  audible  object  15.  body-consciousness
8.  odour  or  olfactive  object
16.  mind-element  17.  mind-object
(mano-dha^tu)  (dhamma-dha^tu)
18.  mind-consciousness-element
(mano-vin~n~a^na-dha^tu)

1-10  are  physical;  11-16  and  18  are  mental;  17  may  be  either  physical  or  mental.  -  16  performs  the  function  of  advertence  (a^vajjana)  towards  the  object  at  the  inception  of  a  process  of  sensuous  consciousness;  it  further  performs  the  function  of  receiving  (sampaticchana)  the  sensuous  object.  18  performs,  e.g.,  the  function  of  investigation  (santi^rana),  determining  (votthapana)  and  registering  (tada^rammana)  -  (for  its  other  functions,  s.  Table  I).  For  the  14  functions  of  consciousness,  s.  vin~n~a^na-kicca.
Cf.  M.  115;  S.  XIV  and  especially  Vibh.  II  (Guide  p.  28f),  Vis.M.  XV,  17ff.
Of  the  many  further  groupings  of  elements  (enumerated  in  M.  115),  the  best  known  is  that  of  the  3  world-elements:  the  sensuous  world  (ka^ma-dha^tu),  the  fine-material  world  (rúpa-dha^tu),  the  immaterial  world  (arúpa-dha^tu);  further  the  sixfold  group:  the  solid,  liquid,  heat,  motion,  space,  consciousness  (pathavi^,  a^po,  tejo,  va^yo,  a^ka^sa,  vin~n~a^na;  s.  above  I),  described  in  M.  140;  see  also  M.  112.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【27】dukkha

  (1)  ”pain”,  painful  feeling,  which  may  be  bodily  and  mental  (s.  vedana^).
(2)  ”Suffering”,  ”ill”.  As  the  first  of  the  Four  Noble  Truths  (s.  sacca)  and  the  second  of  the  three  characteristics  of  existence  (s.  ti-lakkhana),  the  term  dukkha  is  not  limited  to  painful  experience  as  under  (1),  but  refers  to  the  unsatisfactory  nature  and  the  general  insecurity  of  all  conditioned  phenomena  which,  on  account  of  their  impermanence,  are  all  liable  to  suffering,  and  this  includes  also  pleasurable  experience.  Hence  ”unsatisfactoriness”  or  ”liability  to  suffering”  would  be  more  adequate  renderings,  if  not  for  stylistic  reasons.  Hence  the  first  truth  does  not  deny  the  existence  of  pleasurable  experience,  as  is  sometimes  wrongly  assumed.  This  is  illustrated  by  the  following  texts:
"Seeking  satisfaction  in  the  world,  monks,  I  had  pursued  my  way.  That  satisfaction  in  the  world  I  found.  In  so  far  as  satisfaction  existed  in  the  world,  I  have  well  perceived  it  by  wisdom.  Seeking  for  misery  in  the  world,  monks,  I  had  pursued  my  way.  That  misery  in  the  world  I  found.  In  so  far  as  misery  existed  in  the  world,  I  have  well  perceived  it  by  wisdom.  Seeking  for  the  escape  from  the  world,  monks,  I  had  pursued  my  way.  That  escape  from  the  world  I  found.  In  so  far  as  an  escape  from  the  world  existed,  I  have  well  perceived  it  by  wisdom"  (A.  111,  101).
"If  there  were  no  satisfaction  to  be  found  in  the  world,  beings  would  not  be  attached  to  the  world  ....  If  there  were  no  misery  to  be  found  in  the  world,  beings  would  not  be  repelled  by  the  world  ....  If  there  were  no  escape  from  the  world,  beings  could  not  escape  therefrom"  (A.  111,  102).
See  dukkhata^.  For  texts  on  the  Truth  of  Suffering,  see  W.  of  B.  and  ”Path”.
See  The  Three  Basic  Facts  of  Existence,  II.  Suffering  (WHEEL  191/193).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【28】favour

  4  ways  of  showing  sangaha-vatthu.  (q.v.).

南傳佛教英文辭典 【29】groups

  of  existence,  s.  khandha;  corporeal  groups,  s.  rúpa-kala^pa;  corporeality-group,  s.  rúpa-ka^ya;  mind-group,  s.  na^ma-ka^ya.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【30】grudge

  s.  patigha.

英漢對照詞典 【31】KARUNA

karuna  ==  悲

南傳佛教英文辭典 【32】kusala

  ”karmically  wholesome”  or  ”profitable”,  salutary,  morally  good,  (skillful)  Connotations  of  the  term,  according  to  Com.  (Atthasa^lini),  are:  of  good  health,  blameless,  productive  of  favourable  karma-result,  skillful.  It  should  be  noted  that  Com.  excludes  the  meaning  ”skillful”,  when  the  term  is  applied  to  states  of  consciousness.
It  is  defined  in  M.  9  as  the  10  wholesome  courses  of  action  (s.  kammapatha).  In  psychological  terms,  ”karmically  wholesome”  are  all  those  karmical  volitions  (kamma-cetana^)  and  the  consciousness  and  mental  factors  associated  therewith,  which  are  accompanied  by  2  or  3  wholesome  roots  (s.  múla),  i.e.  by  greedlessness  (alobha)  and  hatelessness  (adosa),  and  in  some  cases  also  by  non-delusion  (amoha:  wisdom,  understanding).  Such  states  of  consciousness  are  regarded  as  ”karmically  wholesome”  as  they  are  causes  of  favourable  karma  results  and  contain  the  seeds  of  a  happy  destiny  or  rebirth.  From  this  explanation,  two  facts  should  be  noted:  (1)  it  is  volition  that  makes  a  state  of  consciousness,  or  an  act,  ”good”  or  ”bad”;  (2)  the  moral  criterion  in  Buddhism  is  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  3  wholesome  or  moral  roots  (s.  múla).
The  above  explanations  refer  to  mundane  (lokiya,  q.v.)  wholesome  consciousness.  Supermundane  wholesome  (lokuttara-kusala)  states,  i.e.  the  four  paths  of  sanctity  (s.  ariyapuggala),  have  as  results  only  the  corresponding  four  fruitions;  they  do  not  constitute  karma,  nor  do  they  lead  to  rebirth,  and  this  applies  also  to  the  good  actions  of  an  Arahat  (Tab.  I,  73-80)  and  his  meditative  states  (Tab.  1,  81-89),  which  are  all  karmically  inoperative  (functional;  s.  kiriya).
Kusala  belongs  to  a  threefold  division  of  all  consciousness,  as  found  in  the  Abhidhamma  (Dhs.),  into  wholesome  (kusala),  unwholesome  (akusala)  and  karmically  neutral  (avya^kata),  which  is  the  first  of  the  triads  (tika)  in  the  Abhidhamma  schedule  (ma^tika^);  s.  Guide,  pp.  4ff.,  12ff;  Vis.M.  XIV,  83ff.

英漢對照詞典 【33】MUDITA

mudita  ==  喜心

南傳佛教英文辭典 【34】purity

  the  elements  of  the  effort  for:  pa^risuddhipadha^niyanga  (q.v.).

英漢對照詞典 【35】RAHULA

Rahula  ==  羅候羅

He  was  one  of  the  Ten  Great  Disciples  of  Shakyamuni.  He  was  the  first  in  esoteric  practices  and  in  desire  for  instruction  in  the  Law.  He  was  also  the  son  of  Shakyamuni.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【36】refuge

  formula,  the  3-fold:  ti-sarana  (q.v.).

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