s. upadhi.
Six States of Existence == 六道
see Six Directions of Reincarnation.
Visvabhadra Bodhisattva == 普贤菩萨
As one of the Four Great Bodhisattva, he is the one with the highest conduct. Visvabhadra, also known as Samantabhadra, means universal worthy. He is the lord of the fundamental law, the dhyana ( taking precepts) and the practice of all Buddhas. Visvabhadra, the guardian of law, is often placed on the right of Shakyamuni, while Manjusri, the guardian of wisdom, is the left. He always rides on a white elephant, is the patron of the Lotus Sutra, and its devotees, and has close connection with Hua-yen Sutra. He has Ten Great King Vows, which give an excellent guideline to all Buddhists to practice and cultivate the Buddha Way.
Chengshilun
佛教论书。古印度诃梨跋摩著。后秦鸠摩罗什译。16卷(一作14卷或20卷)。成实即成就四谛之意。为反对小乘说一切有部“诸法实有”理论,提倡“人法二空”,弘扬苦、集、灭、道四谛之理。相传诃梨跋摩为说一切有部著名论师鸠摩罗多(童受)弟子,初信其师学说,后来觉得这些没有摆脱《大毗婆沙论》的束缚,拘泥于名相,烦琐支离,乃自穷三藏,以探教说之本源。后到华氏城,随多闻部学习,接触到大乘思想,又泛览九经,评量五部(律),旁究异说,考核诸论,因而著作此论。
内容 此论译出后,罗什弟子昙影见其结构松散,篇章不分,大段难明,于是按照文义,区分为五聚(即五部分),二百零二品。“发聚”为序说,主要泛论佛法僧三宝、造论缘由、论门种类、四谛大要及对各家十种重要异说的批判等。其余四聚为本论,详说四谛之义。其中“苦谛聚”论说色论、识论、想论、受论、行论等五阴之事;“集谛聚”于业论中详述善恶诸业,在烦恼论中,详论断惑之事;“灭谛聚”详说断灭假名心、实法心、空心等“三心”;“道谛聚”以八正道为道谛法,分别正定、正智等等。整个论的主要特点是针对说一切有部“我空法有”之说,提出“人法二空”的思想。认为法无实体,只有假名。就连四大及其构成的色法也都是假名。因而主张不仅要破除人我,灭“假名心”,而且假法、实法,一律要破,这就是法无我,“灭法心”。最后连剩下的空心也要破,即“灭空心”。这已超出说一切有部之说,接近于大乘空亦复空的思想。但它仅将最后的灭空心分为两种,即证涅槃和入灭尽定,说明其学说尚未摆脱小乘的局限,与大乘所主张的地住涅槃说相差甚远。《成实论》的“三心说”是后来大乘瑜伽行派“三性说”的渊源。
传播 在印度,此论未见流传。梵文原本早已佚失,现存梵本是从汉译本还译的。在中国,自后秦弘始十四年(412)鸠摩罗什译出后,其门下就争相研习,竞作注疏。僧导既撰《成实义疏》,又聚众霁述。后到寿春(今安徽寿县)弘传此论,门下逾千人。其后形成寿春系,流行于南方。僧嵩则至彭城(今江苏徐州),既传“三论”(《中论》、《十二门论》、《百论》),也弘扬《成实论》,经其弟子僧渊等几代的弘传,形成彭城系,流行于北方。南齐永明年间,在齐武帝次子竟陵王萧子良主持下,集名僧500余人,以僧柔、慧次为上首,对此论要义进行讨论,并将论文20卷删为9卷。时僧祐亦参与其事,作《略成实论记》,学士周顒撰《钞成实论序》,说明删节的用意。以后,此略本曾风行一时。到了梁代,对《成实论》的研究更盛。智藏、僧旻、法云被称为梁代三大家。由于他们常融会《成实论》宣讲大乘思想,也称为“成论大乘师”。直至隋唐历久不衰。
注疏 见于僧传记载的,主要有南朝宋时僧导《成实义疏》、道亮《成实义疏》;北魏昙度《成实大义疏》;梁智藏《成实义疏》(或云即《大义记》)、慧琰《成实玄义》;陈宝琼《成实玄义》及《成实文疏》、洪偃《成实疏》;陈智脱《成实疏》、慧影《成实义章》、明彦《成实疏》;唐新罗元晓(一说元瑜)《成实疏》,百济道藏《成实疏》,怀素《成实义章》。此外,著作时代不明的尚有宗法师《成实玄记》及《成实论义章》、聪法师《成实论章》、法法师和嵩法师的《成实论疏》等。由于唐以后此论无人研习,以上注疏均已佚失;但在安澄的《中观论疏记》中,尚可见共引用僧导、智藏、聪法师、宗法师、法法师、嵩法师等人的疏记中的一些内容。(高振农)
Foxing
佛教术语。佛指觉悟,性,意为不变。大乘佛教的一些经典认为一切众生皆有佛性,即众生都有觉悟成佛的可能性。另外一些经典主张,并非一切有情都有佛性,有一部分人,由于他们的根器,即使勤修也不能成佛。佛性一词在不同的情况下有不同的内涵。诸家依《涅槃经》一般说有三因佛性:1、正因佛性,即中道实相、真如法性的理性;2、了因佛性,即照了二谛的般若智慧;3、缘因佛性,则是配合了因智慧开发正因的六度万行的功德行愿。佛性是因,成佛是果,要圆满具备此三因方能成佛。又有三种佛性说:1、自性住佛性,真如之理,自性常住,无有改变,一切众生皆具此理;2、引出佛性,依禅定智慧修行之力,本有佛性逐渐显现而引出者;3、至得果佛性,修因圆满,至成佛时,本有的理体佛性彻底显现。
佛性一词和法性、实相、如来藏等概念,义一而名异。《大乘玄论》卷三称:“经中有名佛性、法性、真如、实际等,并是佛性之异名。”《涅槃经》也说“佛性有种种名,于一佛性,亦名法性、涅槃,亦名般若、一乘,亦名首楞严三昧、师子吼三味”。(刘峰)
appana^-sama^dhi (q.v.); s. sama^dhi.
the ”analytical knowledge of ready wit”: s. patisambhida^.
patisankha^nupassana^ (s. vipassana^, 17).
s. Tab. I. (30, 31).
”guarding the sense-doors” is identical with sense-control (indriya-samvara; s. si^la).
Samantabhadra Bodhisattva == 普贤菩萨
Also called Visvabhadra Bodhisattva, Universally Worthy Bodhisattva. Being one of the Four Great Bodhisattvas, he is the Bodhisattva of Great Conduct, representing the Law. He has Ten Great King Vows, which are the guidelines in practising Buddhism, and cultivating the Buddhist Way.
Ten Stages of Bodhisattva == 十地菩萨
These are the ten stages of development of Bodhisattva depending on their merits and virtues:
1.Pramudita (joy) - job at having overcome the difficulties and sufferings, now entering on the path to Buddhahood
2.Vimala (purity) - freedom from all possible defilement
3.Prabhakari (enlightenment) - stage of further enlightenment
4.Arcismati (widsom) - stage of glowing wisdom
5.Sudurjaya (no difficulty) - stage of mastering the utmost difficulties
6.Abhimukhi (open way) - the open way of wisdom above definitions of impurity and purity
7.Duramgama (proceeding afar) - getting above ideas of self in order to save others
8.Acala (unperturbed) - attainment of being unperturbed
9.Sadhumati (discriminatory wisdom) - the finest discriminatory wisdom, knowing where and how to save, and possessing the Ten Powers
10.Dharma megha (law cloud) - attainment of the fertilizing powers of law cloud
Fojiao wenxue
文学 数千卷印度佛典,如《维摩经》、《妙法莲华经》、《楞严经》等,本身就是瑰丽的文学作品,向为文人所喜爱。《百喻经》已被译为多种文字,其中的譬喻故事被认为是世界文学中的珍品。叙述佛陀前生的《本生经》(《本生谭》)是著名的传记文学。马鸣的《佛所行赞》是印度著名的长篇叙事诗之一。其他如佛教典籍中的偈颂、赞、散文、故事、俗讲、变文、语录、传记、游记、文集等,均为优美的佛教文学作品。中国、日本、斯里兰卡的很多著名的文学作品,都是在佛教的影响下,汲取本国传统文学的艺术形式,逐渐形成的一种独具风格的文学作品。它带来了新的意境、新的文体和新的命意遣词方法。《维摩经》、《百喻经》等,鼓舞了中国晋、唐小说的创作;俗讲、变文对后来的平话、小说、戏曲等中国通俗文学的形成,有一定的渊源关系;禅宗语录不仅为宋明理学家所仿效,也影响到后来的民间文学作品。
”reflection on the loathsomeness of food”, fully described in Vis.M. XI, l.
s. pun~n~a-kiriya-vatthu.
s. dhutanga.
”heavenly beings with power over the productions of others”, constitute a class of heavenly beings in the sensuous sphere (ka^ma-loka). Ma^ra (q.v.) is said to be their ruler. Cf. loka, deva I.
Ten Vehicles of Meditation == 十乘观
Vehicles is the means to take living beings across from suffering to Nirvana. Though there are ten vehicles, there is only one teaching (Dharma), i.e., Inconceivable Virtues of the Self-mind, and the other nine are supplementary. According to Tien Tai Sect, the ten vehicles are:
1.Meditation of Inconceivable Virtue of the Self-mind * - * highest order for superior roots
2.Meditation of Real Bodhicitta
3.Meditation of Expedient Dwelling of Mind
4.Meditation of Breaking Universal Dharma
5.Meditation of Penetrating through Obstructed Consciousness
6.Meditation of Commissioning all Chapters of Paths
7.Meditation of Confronting Delusion and Advocating Enlightenment
8.Meditation of Understanding the Stages of Fruition
9.Meditation of Calmness and Endurance
10.Meditation of Non-attachment of Dharma