古印度佛教晚期大乘瑜伽行派的重要学者。据藏传资料,他系东印度婆连陀罗王族班支达毗斯沙迦之子,曾从安慧、阿输迦等人受学,精内外五明。曾在东印度跋卢舍王国写了声明、医方、韵律、工巧等方面的著作多种。后被国王逐出,随商人到今斯里兰卡,建狮子音神殿,讲大乘法,并写作工巧、医方等著作。随后到南印度,为《波腻尼经》作注;又到那烂陀寺,以瑜伽行派学者的身份与中观派学者月称辩论。据说这场辩论持续了七年,旁听者甚众,最后的结论是“嗟嗟龙树宗,有药亦有毒,慈氏无著书,众生之甘露”。意谓月称所传的龙树之学,有可取的,也有不足取的;而月官所传的瑜伽学则守全是可取的。月官在这场辩论中获得好评,说明他对瑜伽行派学说有所发展。嗣又在檀那室利建立百余度母神庙。最后逝于南印度普陀山。
月官从瑜伽行派观点出发讲中道,学贯显、密;弘通博识,著述甚丰。传说他对世间的声明、工巧,佛家的赞颂、义理等四个方面著作各有108部,共计432部。但今存甚少,梵文仅有《与弟子书》一封信,汉译全无,藏译有40余部;其中一半以上是关于密教的,大多保存在藏文大藏经中。主要著作有关于声明的《记论旃陀罗经》、《记论旃陀罗字经解》、《字缘二十颂释》、《忏悔赞》、《菩萨律仪二十论》(以二十颂概括菩萨戒的内容)等。他在西藏主要是作为一个文法学者而名彰后世。此外,他对菩萨戒的说法,也与玄奘的译本有出入,内容虽无变化,但也戒的说法,也与玄奘的译本有出入,内容虽无变化,但也显示出两家传承的不同。他的说法,完全为藏传佛教所传承。(方文 )
s. jha^na (7).
s. sama^dhi.
cf. ceto-vimutti.
s. si^vathika^.
”Wisdom (or knowledge) based on thinking”, s. pan~n~a^.
upa^da^-rúpa (q.v.); further s. khandha (I. B.).
pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava (q.v.).
catu-voka^ra-bhava (q.v.).
s. Tab, I, III. (22-29).
an ”expression the meaning of which is to be inferred”: neyyattha-dhamma (q.v.). - Antonym: ”expression with an established meaning”: ni^tattha-dhamma (s. neyyattha-dhamma).
lit.”wrong or evil conduct with regard to sensual things”;”unlawful sexual intercourse” refers to adultery, and to intercourse with minors or other persons under guardianship. The abstaining from this unlawful act is one of the 5 moral rules (s. sikkha^pada) binding upon all Buddhists. Through any other sexual act one does not become guilty of the above transgression, which is considered a great crime. The monk, however, has to observe perfect chastity.
In many Suttas (e.g. A.X., 176) we find the following explanation: "He avoids unlawful sexual intercourse, abstains from it. He has no intercourse with girls who are still under the protection of father or mother, brother, sister or relatives, nor with married women, nor female convicts, nor, lastly, with betrothed girls."
”wrong views with fixed destiny”, are the views of uncausedness of existence (ahetuka-ditthi), of the inefficacy of action (akiriya-ditthi), and nihilism (natthika-ditthi). For details, s. ditthi; and M. 60, Com. (WHEEL 98/99). - (App.)
is apparently mentioned for the first time in Dhs. (e.g. § 1028) of the Abh. As a name for the 10th and last of the akusala-kammapathas, it plays a prominent role in the Com.
”retrospective knowledge”, refers to the recollected mental image obtained in concentration, or to any inner experience just passed, as for instance, any absorption (jha^na q.v.), or any supermundane path, or fruition of the path, etc. (s. ariya-puggala). As it is said: "At the end of fruitional consciousness, consciousness sinks into the subconscious stream of existence (bhavanga-sota, q.v.). Then, breaking off the stream of existence, mental advertence (manodva^ra^vajjana) arises at the mind-door, for the purpose of retrospecting the (just passed) path-moment. Now, as soon as this stage has passed, 7 moments of impulsive consciousness (javana-citta), one after the other, flash up while retrospecting the path. After they again have sunk into the subconscious stream, there arise, for the purpose of retrospecting the fruition of the path the moments of advertence and impulsion, during whose arising the monk is retrospecting the path, retrospecting the fruition, retrospecting the abandoned defilements, retrospecting the still remaining defilements, retrospecting Nibba^na as object ....”This blessing have I attained”....”This and that defilement still remains in me”....”This object have I beheld in my mind”, etc." (Vis.M. XXII).
”purity of reflection”, is a name for wise consideration in using the 4 requisites allowed to the monk, i.e. robes, food, dwelling, and medicine; s. si^la (4).
”post-nascence-condition”, is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.).
”five-group existence”, is a name for existence in the sensuous sphere (ka^ma^vacara), or in the fine-material sphere (rúpa^vacara, s. avacara), since all the 5 groups of existence (khandha, q.v.) are found there. In the immaterial sphere (arúpa^vacara, s. avacara), however, only the 4 mental groups are found, and in the world of unconscious beings (asan~n~a^-satta, q.v.) only the one corporeality group. Cf eka-voka^ra-bhava and catu-pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava; further s. avacara. - (App.: voka^ra).