upapi^laka-kamma; s. karma.
”neighbourhood or access-concentrationn”, is the degree of concentration just before entering any of the absorptions, or jha^nas. It still belongs to the sensuous sphere (ka^ma^vacara; s. avacara).
”destructive karma”; s. karma.
”destructive karma”; s. karma.
”contemplation of feeling”, is one of the 4 foundations of mindfulness (satipattha^na q.v.).
s. mada.
古印度佛教遗址。传为释迦牟尼的故乡。亦译劫比罗伐窣堵、迦毗罗婆苏都、迦毗罗蟠窣都、迦毗罗、迦毗梨等。意译妙德城、黄头居处等。释迦族聚居的迦毗罗卫国的国都。中国的法显、玄奘都曾到过此城,但两人对它的位置的记述有所不同。近代以来,虽经专家努力探索,但至今未能确定其原址。
有人认为,今尼泊尔南部的提罗拉科特就是迦毗罗卫。它距相传释迦牟尼诞生地蓝毗尼不远。这是印度考古学家穆吉克根据玄奘的记载,以1895年在尼泊尔泰雷地区发现的阿育王拘那舍牟尼佛石柱及1896年在蓝毗尼发现的阿育王释迦牟尼佛诞生石柱为线索,于1899年在提罗拉科特试掘后认定的。近年来,发掘工作已扩展到提罗拉科特周围地区,并发现了一些城垒和佛教遗址、文物,但尚不能完全确证该地就是迦毗罗卫古城。
另有一些人认为,迦毗罗卫的遗址应在今印度北方邦北部,距尼泊尔边境1公里处的庇浦拉瓦。它距蓝毗尼和提罗拉科特都不远。早在1898年,英人佩普曾在此地一佛塔中发现一个滑石制的舍利壶,上有婆罗迹字体的铭文:“这是释迦族的佛世尊的遗骨容器,是有名誉的兄弟及姐妹、妻子们(奉祀)的。”不少学者认为这可能就是在所谓“八分舍利”时释迦族分得的那一份。1972年印度考古局在上述同一佛塔的下层,又发现两个形态与质料同上述舍利壶完全一样的舍利壶,但两壶的大小不同,且无铭文。从出土情况判断,安放这两个壶的年代约在公元前5~前4世纪。不久,又在佛塔旁的僧院遗址中发现了四十多枚赤陶制的印章和钵盖,其中一枚印章上有婆罗迷字体刻文:“奄!迦毗罗卫的提婆跋陀罗僧陀的比丘僧伽(所有)”。另一枚印章上为“大迦毗罗卫的比丘僧伽(所有)”。在一个钵盖上也刻有迦毗罗卫的字样。另在附近发现有若干用大砖砌成的建筑物和其他一些文物。据研究,庇浦拉瓦的地下文化可发4期,最古老的一期约属公元前8~前6世纪。因此,近来沙学者认为这里就是迦毗罗卫遗址,但仍不能确证。(方广 )
Konghai
日本佛教真言宗创始人。俗姓佐伯,幼名真鱼。赞岐国(今香川县)人。15岁学《论语》、《孝经》等。后游京都,入大学明经科,学习中国古典文学,尤好佛教。偶读《虚空藏求闻持法》,信佛而作居士。795年于奈良东大寺受具足戒。804年与最澄等随遣唐使入唐求法,到长安初住西是寺。遍访各地高僧,从醴泉寺般若与牟尼室利学《华严经》等,又随昙贞学悉昙梵语。翌年于青龙寺东塔院从惠果受胎藏界和金刚界昙荼罗法,并受传法阿阇黎的灌顶,自号“遍照金刚”。惠果寂后,奉唐宪宗命撰写碑文。806年携带佛典经疏、法物等回国,撰《请来目录》。初住京都高雄山寺,从事传法灌顶。816年于纪伊(今和歌山县)开创高野山,号金刚峰寺。823年诏赐京都东寺为密教永久根本道场。“东密”名称即由此而来。曾兼任东大寺别当,统辖一寺僧职,补大僧正位。921年醍醐天皇赐谥弘未能大师。著有《说谎显密二教论》、《秘藏宝钥》、《十住心论》、《付法传》、《即身成佛义》等。著名文学作品《文镜秘府论》,近年在中国出版。全部著作近年辑为《弘法大师全集》。
其故乡四国香川县等四县政府近年与中国西安市政府协议,于青龙寺故址建立“空海大师纪念碑”,以纪念他的留学事迹。日本真言宗各派也重建了东塔院。(林子青)
古印度著名大佛塔。在今印度中央邦马尔瓦地区波保尔附近。塔直径36.6米,高约16.5米,雄浑古朴,庄严宏伟。塔中心半圆形的覆钵,最初是公元前250年左右由阿育王修建的。后在巽伽王朝时代由当地富商资助的一个僧团继续扩建,在覆钵土墩外面垒砌砖石,顶上增修一个方形平台和三层伞盖,底部构筑了石砌的基坛和围栏。公元前1世纪后半叶到公元1世纪初叶,安达罗王朝又在围栏四方陆续依次建造南、北、东、西四座砂石的塔门牌坊。每座牌坊由三道横梁和两根立柱构成,并饰以左右对称的浮雕嵌板和圆雕构件。浮雕嵌板的内容多为佛传故事和本生故事。由于当时佛教雕刻尚禁忌出现佛陀本身的形象,故只有法轮、宝座、菩提树等象征物表示释迦牟尼的存在。圆雕人物的代表作是东门牌坊横梁与立柱相交处的著名的树神药叉女像。她双臂攀援芒果树枝,纵身向外倾斜,凌空悬挂于整个建筑结构之外,富有节奏感的S型体态,健壮丰满,被誉为印度标准女性美的雏形和始祖。印度把这种塔门牌坊称作“陀兰那”(Torana),故后代把这种雕刻艺术称作“陀兰那艺术”。(方广 )
s. patisandhi.
”attachment to the ego-belief”, is one of the 4 kinds of clinging (upa^da^na, q.v.).
”four-group existence”, is the existence in the immaterial world (arúpa-loka; s. loka), since only the four mental groups (feeling, perception, mental formations, consciousness, s. khandha) are found there, the corporeality group being absent. Cf. pan~ca-voka^ra-bhava, eka-voka^ra-bhava. (App.: voka^ra).
rúpa-kkhandha: s. khandha.
This term is first used in Pts.M. while the subject in question is often treated in the old sutta texts (e.g. M. 28, 62, 140, etc.). Cf. sammasana.
”analysis (or determining) of the 4 elements”, is described in Vis.M. XI, 2, as the last of the 40 mental exercises (s. bha^vana^). In a condensed form this exercise is handed down in D. 22 and M. 10 (s. satipattha^na), but in detail explained in M. 28, 62, 140. The simile of the butcher in M. 10 ("Just, o monks, as a skilled butcher or butcher”s apprentice, after having slaughtered a cow and divided it into separate portions, should sit down at the junction of four highroads; just so does the disciple contemplate this body with regard to the elements") is thus explained in Vis.M. XI.: "To the butcher, who rears the cow, brings it to the slaughter-house, ties it, puts it there, slaughters it, or looks at the slaughtered and dead cow, the idea ”cow” does not disappear as long as he has not yet cut the body open and taken it to pieces. As soon, however, as he sits down, after having cut it open and taken it to pieces, the idea ”cow” disappears to him, and the idea ”meat” arises. And he does not think: ”A cow do I sell, or ”A cow do they buy.” Just so, when the monk formerly was still an ignorant worldling, layman or a homeless one, the ideas ”living being” or ”man” or ”individual” had not yet disappeared as long as he had not taken this body, whatever position or direction it had, to pieces and analysed it piece by piece. As soon, however, as he analysed this body into its elements, the idea ”living being” disappeared to him, and his mind became established in the contemplation of the elements." - (App.).
”indulging in grief”; s. manopavica^ra.
parin~n~a^ (q.v.).
This term is used in Abh. S. for the citta, Tab. I, 72. This type of consciousness (the Buddha”s smile) is often implied in the suttas.