”remembrance of former births”, is one of the higher powers (abhin~n~a^, q.v.), and a factor of threefold knowledge (tevijja, q.v.).
”meritorious karma-formations” of the sensuous and fine-material sphere; s. sankha^ra I. 1.
sa-upadisesa-nibbana == 有余(依)涅槃
Sudden Enlightenment == 顿悟
Enlightened all of a sudden by hearing or studying Dharma, usually for those who practices Ch”an.
Sukhavativyuha Sutra == 无量寿经
It is one of the main Sutras for Pure Land Sect. It stipulates the Forty-eight Vows of Amitabha Buddha, which give rise to the characteristic of the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss in the West.
”contemplation of emptiness” (s. prec.), is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (vipassana^, q.v.). Cf. Vis.M. XXI.
Ten Titles of Buddha == 十佛名号
represent the characteristics of Buddha
1.Tathagata - the Thus Come Ones
2.Arhat - worthy of offerings
3.Samyak-sambuddha - of proper and universal knowledge
4.Vidyacarna-sampauna - perfect in understanding and conduct
5.Sugata - skilful in leaving the world through liberation
6.Lokavid - perfect and complete understanding of all worldly Dharma
7.Anuttara - unsurpassed knights
8.Purusa-damya-sarathi - taming heroes
9.Sasta deramanusyanam - teachers of gods and people
10.Buddha-lokanatha or Bhagaran - Buddha, the World Honored Ones
s. patisandhi.
Unconditioned dharma == 无为法
Also known as Asamskrta dharma, which is anything not subject to the principle of cause and effect, nor law of dependent origination, i.e. conditions. It is the dharma beyond the worldly ones.
Vast and Long Tongue == 广长舌相
one of the thirty-two monks of Buddha, big enough to cover his face; it is also one of the "marvels" in the Lotus Sutra.
is already mentioned in Pts.M., together with the remaining 17 kinds of vipassana^. In the old texts it is not found.
”contemplation of the turning away”, is one of the 18 chief kinds of insight (vipassana^, q.v.). - (App.).
Longshu
古印度佛教哲学家。大乘佛教中观派的奠基者。关于他的生存,有各种不同的传说。据传他出生在南印度毗达婆国,属婆罗让种姓。幼年曾学“五明”,其后皈依佛教。初习小乘经典,系统地阐述并确立了大乘佛教中观派的理论,深受南印度安达罗王朝的引正王的推崇,晚年住在黑峰山(今哥斯坦河上游)。一说晚年住在阿摩罗缚底大塔西北50公里的吉祥山,并传其为王子所杀。
龙树进一步发挥了大乘佛教般若经的空性思想。所谓“空”即不是“零”也不是“空无”,而是指“不可描述的”实在。他认为世界上一切事物以及人们的认识,包括惑觉、概念、意识和地、水、火、风等元素都是一种相对的、依存的关系,是假借的概念(假名),是不真实的,它们本身没有独立的实体性或自性(无自性)。宇宙万物的真实相是“空”,亦是“中道”。所谓“中道”就是不能用言语分别,不能用概念亲证的一种最高存在,也就是“非有、非无、非亦有亦无、非非有非无”。又认为,有为法空,无为法亦空。我空,无我亦空。生死空,涅槃亦空。既然一切皆空,那么,森林罗布的世间万物又作何解释?为了解决这一矛盾,龙树提出了二谛(真谛和俗谛)说。他说,佛陀为那些被无明覆盖的凡夫说法时,采用俗谛,承认世界和众生的真实存在;为那些已经消除无明、洞察真理的人说法时,采用真谛,否认世界和众生的真实性。他认为只有众俗谛入手,才能达到真谛,“若不依俗谛,不得第一义”。
龙树在论述世界的非真实性中,为了破除名相,排队因缘关系,还提出了不生不灭、不常不断、不一不异、不来不出的“八不”概念。认为这四对对立的范畴是一切存在的基本形式,也是人们认识事物的依据,在每一个范畴的前面加上否定的“不”字,说明了事物存在和认识的相对性,不真实性。可见龙树的范畴论是为他的本体论服务的。他的“八不”说,不生不灭是指实体而言,不常不断是从时间方面考察,不一不异是从空间方面说,不来不出是从运动方面来说明的,这四对范畴包含了某些唯心主义辩证法的因素。
从“空”的根本立场出发,龙树不但认为世界是不真实的,而且认为涅槃也是假象,他说:“涅槃与世间,无有少分别。世间与涅槃,亦无少分别。”又“涅槃之实际,及与世间际,如是二际者,无毫厘差别”。只要消除无明,就可以达到涅槃。“涅槃”在他看来是无得亦无至,不断亦不常,不生亦不灭,排除了生死干扰的寂灭境地。龙树为大乘佛教的宗教和社会实践开辟了新的道路。它的宗教哲学思想对中国佛教很多宗派都有很大影响。
著作甚多,据西藏所传为122种,汉译为22种。有“千部论主”之称。其主要著作有:《中论颂》、《十二门论》、《七十空性论》(藏译)、《迥净论》、《六十颂如理论》、《大智度论》、《十住毗婆沙论》、《大乘二十颂论》、《因缘心论颂》、《菩提资粮论颂》、《宝行王正论》、《龙树菩萨劝诫王颂》等。(黄心川 宫静)
Yuankong
日本佛教净土宗创始人。俗姓漆间,幼名势至丸,号法然。美作国(今冈山县)人。岁投菩提寺观觉出家,学沙弥法。13岁登比睿山师事源光,后从皇圆受戒,习天台教义。1151年投黑谷慈眼房睿空之室,学圆顿戒和密宗教义,读源信的《往生要集》,传承佛立三昧法门。1175年读唐善导《观经四帖疏》的《散善义》后,专志于念佛法门,开创“一向专修宗”。1186年,睿山座主显真集各宗硕学名僧于大原(大今京都一带)胜林院,与源空辩论净土法义。此即有名的“大原问答”,记录成书名《大原谈义》。后于奈良东大寺讲净土三部经(《无量寿经》、《观无量寿经》、《阿弥陀经》),并为天皇、皇后授戒。1198年应关白藤原兼实之请,口述《选择本愿念佛集》由安乐笔录,以定净土宗要。其时,他倡的称名念佛净土法门日益盛行,引起南都北岭各宗的反对;又因受弟子安乐收容宫女出家一事所牵连,而被流配。获赦后,于摄津(今兵库、大孤一带)胜尾寺,继续弘布净土宗。卒后,历代天皇先后赐谥圆光大师、东渐大师、慧成大师、弘觉大师、慈教大师等。一般称为法然上人。主要著作有《选择本愿念佛集》、《无量寿经释》、《观无量寿经释》、《往生要集诠要》、《往生要集料简》、《类聚净土五祖传》等。1955年编有《昭和新修法然上人全集》1册,1975年又出版《宁本法然上人全集》9卷。(林子青)
s. ceto-vimutti.
see Nibba^na, upa^di.
s. sankha^ra.
”knowing the measure in eating”.
"Now, o monks, the monk wisely reflecting partakes of his almsfood, neither for pastime, nor for indulgence, nor to become beautiful or handsome, but only to maintain and support this body, to avoid harm and to assist the holy life, knowing: ”In this way I shall dispel the former pain (of hunger, etc.) and no new pain shall I let arise, and long life, blamelessness and ease will be my share ” This, o monks, is knowing the measure in eating." (A. III. 16)."How o monks, would it be possible for Nanda to lead the absolutely pure life of holiness, if he did not watch over his senses and did not know the measure in eating?" (A. VII, 9).