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atta catu gati hate meat path sati agati amata ARHAT atta^ death great satta vatta water ANATTA Arahat atappa eating JATAKA MATTER matter sugati vatthu virati anatta^ created duggati matured patched patigha samatha sassata vipatti vivatta a^yatana anussati atima^na dogmatic fatalism KSATRIYA nibbatti PATIENCE patience sammatta sankhata tathata^ ujukata^ uposatha 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) asankhata attention avya^kata breathing deviation dukkhata^ formation immediate mahaggata micchatta pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha SENSATION SIX PATHS ti ratana aberration aggregates BODHISATTA Bodhisatta foundation generation intimation liberation MAHASATTVA MEDITATION meditation paramattha patisandhi pattida^na sama^patti si^labbata sota^patti ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TWO DEATHS vin~n~atti wrong path ANAPANASATI appicchata^ association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA foundations infatuation inoperative kamma patha kamma vatta mana^yatana MIDDLE PATH middle path origination patipannaka patti da^na penetration preparatory realization rúpa^yatana sala^yatana si^vathika^ temperature vavattha^na 无我(anatman) 真如(tathata) abhinibbatti accumulation dispensation dissociation hate natured heat element inclinations intoxicating kammattha^na pakati si^la patisandhika purification RENUNCIATION vatthu ka^ma 三界(tridhatu) Abbreviations anatta^ va^da attentiveness atthi paccaya concentration CONTEMPLATION contemplation deathlessness determination dhamma^yatana ditthi ppatta hadaya vatthu investigating investigation kamman~n~ata^ kammattha^na^ loathsomeness material food nimma^na rati pa^gun~n~ata^ patisambhida^ patisankha^na satipattha^na tittha^yatana vivatta kappa water element abhibha^yatana asan~n~a satta atta kilamatha buddha^nussati citt’ekaggata^ devata^nussati dhamma^nussati EIGHTFOLD PATH eightfold path greedy natured katatta^ kamma marana^nussati natthi paccaya niyata puggala path condition relative truth samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu stupid natured transformation ugghatitan~n~u upapatti bhava vigata paccaya 二谛(twi-satyas) 三谛(tri-satyas) a^na^pa^na sati avigata paccaya cakkh’ a^yatana deluded natured EIGHT NEGATIONS FOUR GREAT VOWS gustatory organ indriya samatta natthika ditthi pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina PRATYEKA-BUDDHA samatha ya^nika sappatigha rúpa SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga tatha^gata bala tranquilisation upasama^nussati 百论(Sata-sastra) 法界(dharmadhatu) 极乐世界(sukhavati) adhipati paccaya anatta^ san~n~a^ atthangika magga AVATAMSAKA SUTRA dukkha patipada^ faithful natured immaterial world ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya vin~n~atti karma formations life infatuation mental formation natural morality nava satta^va^sa neyyattha dhamma ni^tattha dhamma THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS vaci^ vin~n~atti 四谛(catur-satyas) 吴哥古迹(Angkor Vat) a^nupubbi^ katha^ anatta^nupassana^ cittass’ekaggata^ immaterial sphere kusala kammapatha na^natta san~n~a^ pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la paticcasamuppa^da patta pindik’anga santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava tatramajjhattata^ youth infatuation ahetu patisandhika atta va^dupa^da^na catu voka^ra bhava dha^tu vavattha^na health infatuation karma accumulation maturity knowledge nirodha sama^patti patibha^ga nimitta patikkúla san~n~a^ regenerative karma ruminating natured samatha vipassana^ self mortification tatra majjhattata^ tiraccha^na katha^ TWO FORMS OF DEATH 四大(caturmahabhuta) anabhirati san~n~a^ attha patisambhida^ death consciousness FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS intelligent natured majjhima^ patipada^ RIGHT CONCENTRATION sampaticchana citta sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA sun~n~ata^ vimokkha TEN GREAT KING VOWS upatthambhaka kamma 阿底峡(Atisa 982~1054) 六足论(Satpada sastra) a^kin~can~n~a^yatana access concentration adaptation knowledge cemetery meditations dhamma patisambhida^ MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA niyata miccha^ditthi pubbeniva^sa^nussati regenerating process SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ ti hetu patisandhika vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 中道(madhyamapratipad) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana bhojane mattan~n~uta^ death proximate karma dependent origination dvi hetuka patisandhi germinating once more ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na pun~n~a kiriya vatthu THREE CLASSIFICATIONS ubhato bha^ga vimutta vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana catu pa^risuddhi si^la FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence yatha^kammúpaga n~a^na 楞伽经(Lankavatara-sutra) 缘起(pratitya-samutpada) bhayatupattha^na n~a^na catu dha^tu vavattha^na dasa (tatha^gata ) bala FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na patinissagga^nupassana^ sabbúpadhi patinissagga SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 成实论(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 佛性(buddhata, buddhatva) attainment concentration patibha^na patisambhida^ reflecting contemplation hate rooted consciousness indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA 佛教文学(Buddhist literature) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga paranimmita vasavatti deva TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION neighbourhood concentration origination of corporeality PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost 常乐我净(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 菩萨戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA lahuta^ muduta^, kamman~n~ata^ pariyatti patipatti, pativedha SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi n’eva san~n~a^ n’a^san~n~a^yatana NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 成唯识论(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-sastra) 达斯,S·C·(Sarat Chandra Das 1849~1917) a^rammana^dhipati a^rammanupanissaya FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS TWELVE LINKS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 华严经(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 三十七菩提分(saptatrimsadbodhi-paksika-dharmah) 中国佛教协会(The Buddhist Association of China) 大方等大集经(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) 阿弥陀经(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 唯识二十论(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-vimsa-kakarika-sastra) 唯识三十颂(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-trimsai-kakarika-sastra) 国际佛教研究协会(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) sura^meraya majja ppama^dattha^na^ veramani^ sikkha^padam sama^diya^mi ▲ 收起
南传佛教英文辞典 【91】paramattha

  (-sacca,  -vacana,  -desana^):  ”truth  (or  term,  exposition)  that  is  true  in  the  highest  (or  ultimate)  sense”,  as  contrasted  with  the  ”conventional  truth”  (voha^ra-sacca),  which  is  also  called  ”commonly  accepted  truth”  (sammuti-sacca;  in  Skr:  samvrti-satya).  The  Buddha,  in  explaining  his  doctrine,  sometimes  used  conventional  language  and  sometimes  the  philosophical  mode  of  expression  which  is  in  accordance  whith  undeluded  insight  into  reality.  In  that  ultimate  sense,  existence  is  a  mere  process  of  physical  and  mental  phenomena  within  which,  or  beyond  which,  no  real  ego-entity  nor  any  abiding  substance  can  ever  be  found.  Thus,  whenever  the  suttas  speak  of  man,  woman  or  person,  or  of  the  rebirth  of  a  being,  this  must  not  be  taken  as  being  valid  in  the  ultimate  sense,  but  as  a  mere  conventional  mode  of  speech  (voha^ra-vacana).
It  is  one  of  the  main  characteristics  of  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka,  in  distinction  from  most  of  the  Sutta  Pitaka,  that  it  does  not  employ  conventional  language,  but  deals  only  with  ultimates,  or  realities  in  the  highest  sense  (paramattha-dhamma^).  But  also  in  the  Sutta  Pitaka  there  are  many  expositions  in  terms  of  ultimate  language  (paramattha-desana^),  namely,  wherever  these  texts  deal  with  the  groups  (khandha),  elements  (dha^tu)  or  sense-bases  (a^yatana),  and  their  components;  and  wherever  the  3  characteristics  (ti-lakkhana,  q.v.)  are  applied.  The  majority  of  Sutta  texts,  however,  use  the  conventional  language,  as  appropriate  in  a  practical  or  ethical  context,  because  it  "would  not  be  right  to  say  that  ”the  groups”  (khandha)  feel  shame,  etc."
It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  also  statements  of  the  Buddha  couched  in  conventional  language,  are  called  ”truth”  (voha^ra-sacca),  being  correct  on  their  own  level,  which  does  not  contradict  the  fact  that  such  statements  ultimately  refer  to  impermanent  and  impersonal  processes.
The  two  truths  -  ultimate  and  conventional  -  appear  in  that  form  only  in  the  commentaries,  but  are  implied  in  a  sutta-distinction  of  ”explicit  (or  direct)  meaning”  (ni^tattha,  q.v.)  and  ”implicit  meaning  (to  be  inferred)”  (neyyattha).  Further,  the  Buddha  repeatedly  mentioned  his  reservations  when  using  conventional  speech,  e.g.  in  D.  9:  "These  are  merely  names,  expressions,  turns  of  speech,  designations  in  common  use  in  the  world,  which  the  Perfect  Qne  (Tatha^gata)  uses  without  misapprehending  them."  See  also  S.  I.  25.
The  term  paramattha,  in  the  sense  here  used,  occurs  in  the  first  para.  of  the  Katha^vatthu,  a  work  of  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka  (s.  Guide,  p.  62).  (App:  voha^ra).
The  commentarial  discussions  on  these  truths  (Com.  to  D.  9  and  M.  5)  have  not  yet  been  translated  in  full.  On  these  see  K  N.  Jayatilleke,  Early  Buddhist  Theory  of  Knowledge  (London,  1963),  pp.  361ff.
In  Maha^yana,  the  Ma^dhyamika  school  has  given  a  prominent  place  to  the  teaching  of  the  two  truths.

南传佛教英文辞典 【92】paramattha

  s.  voha^ra-desana^.

南传佛教英文辞典 【93】patisandhi

  lit.”reunion,  relinking”,  i.e.  rebirth,  is  one  of  the  14  functions  of  consciousness  (vin~n~a^na-kicca,  q.v.).  It  is  a  karma-resultant  type  of  consciousness  and  arises  at  the  moment  of  conception  i.e.  with  the  forming  of  new  life  in  the  mother”s  womb.  Immediately  afterwards  it  sinks  into  the  subconscious  stream  of  existence  (bhavangasota,  q.v.),  and  conditioned  thereby  ever  and  ever  again  corresponding  states  of  subconsciousness  arise.  Thus  it  is  really  rebirth-consciousness  that  determines  the  latent  character  of  a  person.
"Neither  has  this  (rebirth-)  consciousness  transmigrated  from  the  previous  existence  to  this  present  existence,  nor  did  it  arise  without  such  conditions,  as  karma,  karma-formations,  propensity,  object,  etc.  That  this  consciousness  has  not  come  from  the  previous  existence  to  this  present  existence,  yet  that  it  has  come  into  existence  by  means  of  conditions  included  in  the  previous  existence,  such  as  karma  (q.v.),  etc.,  this  fact  may  be  illustrated  by  various  things,  such  as  the  echo,  the  light  of  a  lamp,  the  impression  of  a  seal,  or  the  image  produced  by  a  mirror.  For  just  as  the  resounding  of  the  echo  is  conditioned  by  a  sound,  etc.,  and  nowhere  a  transmigration  of  sound  has  taken  place,  just  so  it  is  with  this  consciousness.  Further  it  is  said:  ”In  this  continuous  process,  no  sameness  and  no  otherness  can  be  found.”  For  if  there  were  full  identity  (between  the  different  stages),  then  also  milk  never  could  turn  into  curd.  And  if  there  were  a  complete  otherness,  then  curd  could  never  come  from  milk....  If  in  a  continuity  of  existence  any  karma-result  takes  place,  then  this  karma-result  neither  belongs  to  any  other  being,  nor  does  it  come  from  any  other  (kamma),  because  absolute  sameness  and  otherness  are  excluded  here"  (Vis,  XVII  164ff).
In  Mil.  it  is  said:
"Now,  Venerable  Na^gasena,  the  one  who  is  reborn,  is  he  the  same  as  the  one  who  has  died,  or  is  he  another?"
"Neither  the  same,  nor  another"  (na  ca  so  na  ca  an~n~o).
"Give  me  an  example."
"What  do  you  think,  o  King:  are  you  now,  as  a  grown-up  person,  the  same  that  you  had  been  as  a  little,  young  and  tender  babe?  "
"No,  Venerable  Sir.  Another  person  was  the  little,  young  and  tender  babe,  but  quite  a  different  person  am  I  now  as  a  grown-up  man  ."...
"...  Is  perhaps  in  the  first  watch  of  the  night  one  lamp  burning,  another  one  in  the  middle  watch,  and  again  another  one  in  the  last  watch?"
"No,  Venerable  Sir.  The  light  during  the  whole  night  depends  on  one  and  the  same  lamp.””
"Just  so,  o  King,  is  the  chain  of  phenomena  linked  together.  One  phenomenon  arises,  another  vanishes,  yet  all  are  linked  together,  one  after  the  other,  without  interruption.  In  this  way  one  reaches  the  final  state  of  consciousnes  neither  as  the  same  person.  nor  as  another  person.””
According  to  the  nature  of  their  rebirth  consciousness,  beings  divide  into  the  following  3  groups:
1.  ahetu-patisandhika:  a  ”being  reborn  without  rootconditions”,  is  a  being  whose  consciousness  at  the  moment  of  rebirth  was  not  accompanied  by  any  of  the  3  noble  rootconditions,  viz.  greedlessness,  hatelessness,  undeludedness  (s.  múla),  i.e.  selflessness,  kindness,  intelligence.  Such  beings  are  found  in  the  4  lower  worlds  (apa^ya,  q.v.),  in  which  case  the  function  of  rebirth  is  exercised  by  the  class  of  consciousness  listed  in  Tab.  I  as  No.  56.  But  if  such  beings  are  born  in  the  sensuous  sphere  as  humans,  they  will  be  crippled,  blind,  deaf,  mentally  deficient,  etc.  (Rebirth-consciousness  =  Tab.  I,  No.  41)
2.  dvihetu  (or  duhetu)-patisandhika:  a  ”being  reborn  with  only  2  (noble)  root-conditions”,  i.e.  greedlessness  and  hatelessness.  (Rebirth-consciousness  =  Tab.  I,  Nos.  44,  45,  48  or  49.)
3.  tihetu-patisandhika:  a  ”being  reborn  with  3  (noble)  rootconditions”.  Such  a  being  can  be  found  only  among  men.  (Rebirth-consciousness  =  Tab.  1,  Nos.  42,  43,  46,  or  47)  and  higher  heavenly  beings.
On  these  3  types  of  rebirth,  See  Atthasa^lini  Tr.  11,  354  -  379.  (App.:  patisandhika).
In  the  suttas,  the  terms  for  rebirth  are  chiefly  punabbhava  (q.v.),  ”renewed  existence”,  and  abhinibbatti  ”arising”;  or  both  combined  as  punabbhava^bhinibbatti.  -  (App.:  patisandhi).
Literature  Vis.M.  XVII,  133f,  164f,  189f,  289f;  Vis.M.  XIX,  22f.  -  Karma  and  Rebirth,  by  Nyanatiloka  Thera  (WHEEL  9).  -  The  Case  for  Rebirth,  by  Francis  Story  (WHEEL  12/13).  -  Survival  and  Karma  in  Buddhist  Perspective,  by  K.  N.  Jayatilleke  (WHEEL  141/143).  -  Rebirth  Explained,  by  V.  F.  Gunaratna  (WHEEL  167/169).

南传佛教英文辞典 【94】patisandhi

  is  chiefly  a  commentarial  term;  but  it  occurs  several  times  in  one  of  the  later  books  of  the  Sutta  Pitaka,  the  Patisambhida^  Magga  (Pts.M.  I,  11f,  52,  59f.;  II,  72f.).  The  usual  sutta  term  for  ”rebirth”  is  punabbhava.

南传佛教英文辞典 【95】pattida^na

  This  term  is  found  only  in  the  Com.,  but  the  belief  expressed  by  it  is  several  times  mentioned  in  the  older  sutta  texts.  Cf.  the  main  part  of  this  work.

南传佛教英文辞典 【96】sama^patti

  ”attainments”,  is  a  name  for  the  8  absorptions  of  the  fine-material  and  immaterial  spheres  to  which  occasionally  is  added  as  9th  attainment,  attainment  of  extinction  (nirodhasama^patti)  Cf.  jha^na.

南传佛教英文辞典 【97】si^labbata

  para^ma^sa  and  -upa^da^na:  ”attachment  (or  clinging)  to  mere  rules  and  ritual”,  is  the  3rd  of  the  10  fetters  (samyojana,  q.v.),  and  one  of  the  4  kinds  of  clinging  (upa^da^na,  q.v.).  It  disappears  on  attaining  to  Stream-entry  (sota^patti).  For  definition,  s.  upa^da^na.

南传佛教英文辞典 【98】sota^patti

  ”Stream-entry”;  s.  sota^panna;  s.  -magga,  -phala,  ”path  and  fruition  of  Stream-entry”;  s.  ariyapuggala.

南传佛教英文辞典 【99】ta^vatimsa

  ”the  Thirty-thrce  (Gods)”,  a  class  of  heavenly  beings  in  the  sensuous  sphere;  s.  deva  (I).

南传佛教英文辞典 【100】tatha^gata

  the  ”Perfect  One”,  lit.  the  one  who  has  ”thus  gone”,  or  ”thus  come”,  is  an  epithet  of  the  Buddha  used  by  him  when  speaking  of  himself.
To  the  often  asked  questions,  whether  the  Tatha^gata  still  exists  after  death,  or  not,  it  is  said  (e.g.  S.  XXII,  85,  86)  that,  in  the  highest  sense  (paramattha,  q.v.)  the  Tatha^gata  cannot,  even  at  lifetime,  be  discovered,  how  much  less  after  death,  and  that  neither  the  5  groups  of  existence  (khandha,  q.v.)  are  to  be  regarded  as  the  Tatha^gata,  nor  can  the  Tatha^gata  be  found  outside  these  corporeal  and  mental  phenomena.  The  meaning  intended  here  is  that  there  exist  only  these  ever-changing  corporeal  and  mental  phenomena,  arising  and  vanishing  from  moment  to  moment,  but  no  separate  entity,  no  personality.
When  the  commentaries  in  this  connection  explain  Tatha^gata  by  ”living  being”  (satta),  they  mean  to  say  that  here  the  questioners  are  using  the  merely  conventional  expression,  Tatha^gata,  in  the  sense  of  a  really  existing  entity.
Cf.  anatta^,  paramattha,  puggala,  ji^va,  satta.
A  commentarial  treatise  on  "The  Meaning  of  the  Word  ”Tatha^gata”"  is  included  in  The  All-Embracing  Net  of  Views  (Brahmaja^la  Sutta),  tr.  Bhikkhu  Bodhi  (BPS).

英汉对照词典 【101】TWO DEATHS

Two  Deaths  ==  二死

Two  Deaths  refer  to  
1.share-sectioned  birth  and  death  
2.changed  birth  and  death

南传佛教英文辞典 【102】vin~n~atti

  ka^ya-  and  vaci^-v.,  seem  to  occur  for  the  first  time  in  Dhs.  (§§  665,718)  of  the  Abh.  Canon.

南传佛教英文辞典 【103】vin~n~atti

  (lit.”making  known”)  ”intimation”,  is  an  Abhidhamma  term  for  bodily  expression  (ka^ya-vin~n~atti)  and  verbal  expression  (vaci^-vin~n~atti),  both  belonging  to  the  corporeality-group.  They  are  produced  by  the  co-nascent  volition,  and  are  therefore,  as  such,  purely  physical  and  not  to  be  confounded  with  karma  (q.v.),  which  as  such  is  something  mental.  Cf.  Kath.  80,  100,  101,  103,  194  (s.  Guide  V).  -  (App.).
"One  speaks  of  ”bodily  expression”,  because  it  makes  known  an  intention  by  means  of  bodily  movement,  and  can  itself  be  understood  by  the  bodily  movement  which  is  said  to  be  corporeal.
"”Verbal  expression”  is  so  called  because  it  makes  known  an  intention  by  means  of  a  speech-produced  noise"  (Vis.M.  XIV).

南传佛教英文辞典 【104】wrong path

  miccha^-magga  (q.v.).

英汉对照词典 【105】ANAPANASATI

anapanasati  ==  安那般那念,  安般念,  入出息念

南传佛教英文辞典 【106】appicchata^

  ”having  only  few  wishes”,  contentedness,  is  one  of  the  indispensable  virtues  of  the  monk;  cf.  A.  X.  181-190,  and  ariyavamsa  (q.v.).

南传佛教英文辞典 【107】association

  sampayutta-paccaya,  is  one  of  the  24  conditions  (paccaya,  q.v.).  asubha:  ”impurity”,  loathsomeness,  foulness.  -  In  Vis.M.  VI,  it  is  the  cemetery  contemplations  (si^vathika,  q.v.)  that  are  called  ”meditation-subjects  of  impurity”  (asubha-kammattha^na;  s.  bha^vana^).  In  the  Girimananda  Sutta  (A.  X.,  50),  however,  the  perception  of  impurity  (asubha-san~n~a^)  refers  to  the  contemplation  of  the  32  parts  of  the  body  (s.  ka^ya-gata^-sati).  The  contemplation  of  the  body”s  impurity  is  an  antidote  against  the  hindrance  of  sense-desire  (s.  ni^varana)  and  the  mental  perversion  (vipalla^sa,  q.v.)  which  sees  what  is  truly  impure  as  pure  and  beautiful.  See  S.  XLVI,  51;  A.  V.  36,  Dhp.  7,  8;  Sn.  193ff.  -  The  Five  Mental  Hindrances  (WHEEL  26),  pp.  5ff.

南传佛教英文辞典 【108】attachments

  s.  para^ma^sa.

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