sobhana (q.v.).
morality consisting in good: abhisama^ca^rikasi^la (q.v.) .
consciousness (and b. space), Sphere of: s. jha^na 5, 6.
(lit.”means of shaking off (the defilements)”);”means of purification”, ascetic or austere practices. These are strict observances recommended by the Buddha to monks as a help to cultivate contentedness, renunciation, energy and the like. One or more of them may be observed for a shorter or longer period of time.
"The monk training himself in morality should take upon himself the means of purification, in order to gain those virtues through which the purity of morality will become accomplished, to wit: fewness of needs, contentedness, austerity, detachment, energy, moderation, etc." (Vis.M. II).
Vis.M. II describes 13 dhutangas, consisting in the vows of
1. wearing patched-up robes: pamsukúlik”anga,
2. wearing only three robes: teci^varik”anga,
3. going for alms: pindapa^tik”anga,
4. not omitting any house whilst going for alms: sapada^nikanga,
5. eating at one sitting: eka^sanik”anga,
6. eating only from the alms-bowl: pattapindik”anga,
7. refusing all further food: khalu-paccha^-bhattik”anga,
8. living in the forest: a^ran~n~ik”anga,
9. living under a tree: rukkha-múlik”anga,
10. living in the open air: abbhoka^sik”anga,
11. living in a cemetery: susa^nik”anga,
12. being satisfied with whatever dwelling: yatha^-santhatik”anga,
13. sleeping in the sitting position (and never lying down): nesajjik”anga.
These 13 exercises are all, without exception, mentioned in the old sutta texts (e.g. M. 5, 113; A.V., 181-90), but never together in one and the same place.
"Without doubt, o monks, it is a great advantage to live in the forest as a hermit, to collect one”s alms, to make one”s robes from picked-up rags, to be satisfied with three robes" (A.I, 30).
The vow, e.g. of No. 1, is taken in the words: "I reject robes offered to me by householders," or "I take upon myself the vow of wearing only robes made from picked-up rags." Some of the exercises may also be observed by the lay-adherent.
Here it may be mentioned that each newly ordained monk, immediately after his being admitted to the Order, is advised to be satisfied with whatever robes, alms-food, dwelling and medicine he gets: "The life of the monks depends on the collected alms as food ... on the root of a tree as dwelling ... on robes made from patched-up rags ... on stale cow”s urine as medicine. May you train yourself therein all your life."
Since the moral quality of any action depends entirely upon the accompanying intention and volition, this is also the case with these ascetic practices, as is expressly stated in Vis.M. Thus the mere external performance is not the real exercise, as it is said (Pug. 275-84): "Some one might be going for alms; etc. out of stupidity and foolishness - or with evil intention and filled with desires - or out of insanity and mental derangement - or because such practice had been praised by the Noble Ones...." These exercises are, however properly observed "if they are taken up only for the sake of frugality, of contentedness, of purity, etc."(App.)
On dhutanga practice in modern Thailand, see With Robes and Bowl, by Bhikkhu Khantipalo (WHEEL 82/83).
”evil conduct”, is threefold: in deeds, words and thoughts. See kammapatha (I).
(abstr. noun fr. dukkha): ”the state of suffering”, painfulness, unpleasantness, the unsatisfactoriness of existence."There are three kinds of suffering: (1) suffering as pain (dukkha-dukkhata^), (2) the suffering inherent in the formations (sankha^ra-dukkhata^), (3) the suffering in change (viparina^ma-dukkhata^)" (S. XLV, 165; D. 33).
(1) is the bodily or mental feeling of pain as actual]y felt. (2) refers to the oppressive nature of all formations of existence (i.e. all conditioned phenomena), due to their continual arising and passing away; this includes also experiences associated with neutral feeling. (3) refers to bodily and mental pleasant feelings, "because they are the cause for the arising of pain when they change" (Vis.M. XIV, 34f).
Endurance == 忍辱
See Patience.
indriya (q.v.); see also paccaya 16.
javana (q.v.).
(in joy, sadness etc.): s. manopavica^ra.
”supermundane”, is a term for the 4 paths and 4 fruitions of sota^patti, etc. (s. ariya-puggala), with Nibba^na as ninth. Hence one speaks of ”9 supermundane things” (nava-lokuttara-dhamma). Cf. prec.
Nagarjuna == 龙树菩萨
a Bodhisattva in South India, born about 800 years after the Nirvana of Shakyamuni. He was the founder of Madhyamika (Middle Way) and Sunya (emptiness). He had plenty of writings in Buddhism.
s. oja^, a^ha^ra. - a^ha^ra is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.) - n.- produced corporeality; s. samuttha^na.
Pure Land == 净土
generally refers to the Paradise of the West, presided over by Amitabha. Also known as the Land of Ultimate Bliss. Other Buddhas have their own Pure Lands. The Pure-Land Sect whose chief tenet is salvation by faith in Amitabha; it is the popular cult in China and Japan.
Sariputra == 舍利弗
One of the Ten Great Disciples of Shakyamuni, noted for his wisdom and learning. He was also the right-hand attendant on Shakyamuni. He figures prominently in certain sutras. He is represented as standing with Maudgalyayana by the Buddha when entering Nirvana. He is to reappear as Padmaprabha Buddha.
Six Dusts == 六尘
see Six Gunas.
Six Gunas == 六尘
or Six External Bases, or Six Dusts. They are sight, sound, scent/smell, taste, tangibles/touch and dharma/idea. They are the qualities produced by the objects and organs of sense.
For the 4 Truths of suffering, s. sacca; further s. ti-lakkhana.