the ”6 bases” (of mental activity); s. a^yatana, paticcasamuppa^da.
”cemetery contemplations”, as deseribed in D. 22 and M. 10, have as their objects a corpse one or two or three days old, swollen up, blue-black in colour, full of corruption; a corpse eaten by crows, etc.; a framework of bones; flesh hanging from it, bespattered with blood, held together by the sinews; without flesh and blood, but still held together by the sinews; bones scattered in all direction; bleached and resembling shells; heaped together after the lapse of years; weathered and crumbled to dust. At the end of each of these contemplations there follows the conclusion: "This body of mine also has this nature, has this destiny, cannot escape it." Similar are the 10 objects of loathsomeness (asubha q.v.).
utu (q.v.). - For corporeality produced by temperature, s. samuttha^na.
”determining”, defining. In its application to insight meditation, this term occurred first in Pts.M. (I, p. 53); but in a verbal form, as a past participle, already in M. 111: tyassa dhamma^ anupada-vavatthita^ honti, "these things (the mental factors) were determined by him (i.e. Sa^riputta) successively" (s. Abh. St., p. 54). In Vis.M. XX, 130, it is said: ”The determining of the truth of suffering is effected with the determining of mind-and-body in the purification of view (s. visuddhi III). The determining of the truth of origination is effected with the discerning of conditions in the purification by transcending doubt (s. visuddhi IV). The determining of the truth of the path is effected by emphasis on the right path in the purification by knowledge and vision of what is path and not-path (s. visuddhi V). Thus the determining of the 3 truths (suffering, origin, path) has been first effected by means of mundane (lokiya, q.v.) knowledge only." - See sammasana, visuddhi.
For the determining of the 4 physical elements, s. dha^tuvavattha^na.
wuwo
佛教教义。亦称非我、非身。三法印之一。佛教根据缘起理论,认为世界上一切事物都没有独立的、实在的自体,即没有一个常一主宰的“自我”(灵魂)的存在。原始佛教在《相应部经典》中着重论述了佛教的无我论,如“无常是苦,是苦者皆无我”,“此形非自作,亦非他作,乃由因缘而生,因缘灭则灭”。认为世界上一切事物都不会自生,而是种种要素的集合体,不是固定不变的、单一的独立体,而是种种要素刹那刹那依缘而生灭的。他们认为房子是砖瓦木石的结合体,人是由五蕴(色、受、想、行、识)组成的,在这样的集合体中,没有常住不变的“我”,故谓无我。
无我分为两类:1、人无我(人空)。认为人是由五蕴假和合而成,没有常恒自在的主体——我(灵魂);2、法无我(法空)。认为一切法都由种种因缘和合而生,不断变迁,没有常恒的主宰者。小乘佛教一般主张人无我,大乘佛教则认为一切皆空,法的自性也是空的,一切法的存在都是如幻如化。因此一切事物和现象,按其本性来说都是空的,它们表现出来的,只不过是一些假象,即所谓“性空幻有”。
佛教的无我学说,主要为反对婆罗门教的有我论而提出的。婆罗门教主张“梵我一如”,认为“梵”是无所不在的唯一本质,宇宙间的最高主宰,自我(灵魂)是梵的一部分或梵的化身。而这种自我,其量广大,边际难测。只有亲证梵我同一,才能达到真正解脱的目的。因此,原始佛教为了反对这种有我理论,提出“诸行无常”、“诸法无我”、“涅槃寂静”三个命题,被称为三法印。在部派佛教时期,佛教各派对此也曾引起了许多争论。
Zhenru
佛教术语。一般解释为不变的最高真理或本体。《成唯识论》卷九称:“真谓真实,显非虚妄;如谓如常,表无变异。谓此真实于一切位常如其性,故曰真如。”诸经论列有许多异名。《大般若经》卷一百六十称有“真如、法界、法性、不虚妄性、不变异性、平等性、离生性、法定、法住、实际、虚空界、不思议界”等十二名。《大乘阿毗达磨杂集论》卷二说有“真如、空性、无相、实际、胜义、法界”等六名。《法华玄义》卷八则列有“实相、妙有、真善妙色、实际、毕竟空、如如、涅槃、虚空、佛性、如来藏、中实理心、非有非无中道、第一义谛、微妙寂灭”等十四名。佛教各派对它解释也不尽相同。中观派以性空为如(真如),亦名诸法实相。《大智度论》卷三十二称:“诸法实相,常住不动。”瑜伽行派主要以“法无我”、“圣智行”为真如。唯识家以“唯识实性”为真如,《成唯识论》卷九谓“此诸法胜义,亦即是真如,常如其性故,即唯识实性”、地论学派立第八阿梨耶识,摄论学派更立第九阿摩罗识,均以自性清净心为真如。《大乘起信论》曰:“一切法从本已来,离言说相,离名字相,离心缘相,毕竟平等,无有变异,不可破坏,唯是一心,故名真如。”
由于佛教各派解释不同,真如的分类也各异。《解深密经》卷三分为流转真如、相真如、了别真如、安立真如、邪行真如、清净真如、正行真如等七种。《成唯识论》卷十分为遍行真如、最胜真如、胜流真如、无摄受真如、类无别真如、无染净真如、法无别真如、不增减真如、智自在所依真如、业自在等所依真如十种。《大乘起信论》分为离言真如、依言真如两种和空真如、不空真如两种。《华严经探玄记》卷八则提出一乘真如和三乘真如;别教真如和同教真如;顿教真如和渐教真如等。《佛地经论》卷七举出一切法真如发挥法空无我、实性无颠倒性等教义,提出两种真如(生空无我、法空无我)、三种真如(善、不善、无记)乃至十种真如。(王新)
a Sutta term for rebirth; s. punabbhava.
(of Karma): a^yúhana (q.v.).
s. sa^sana.
vippayutta-paccaya, is one of the 24 conditions (paccaya, q.v.) .
dosa-carita; s. carita.
tejo-dha^tu; s. dha^tu.
s. anusaya.
drinks, the evil effect of taking: s. sura^meraya.
lit.”working-ground” (i.e. for meditation), is the term in the Com. for ”subjects of meditation”; s. bha^vana^.
”natural or genuine morality”, is distinct from those outward rules of conduct laid down for either laymen or monks. Those later are the so-called ”prescribed morality” (pan~n~a^ttisi^la). Cf. si^la.
ahetu-, dvihetu-, and tihetu-p.: are purely commentarial terms. For patisandhi-citta, s. citta-vi^thi.
the 7 stages of; s. visuddhi.