(in the Arahat): s. hasituppa^da-citta.
patha (lit.”ways of movement”): ”bodily postures”, i.e. going, standing, sitting, lying. In the Satipattha^na-sutta (s. satipattha^na), they form the subject of a contemplation and an exercise in mindfulness.
"While going, standing, sitting or lying down, the monk knows ”I go”, ”I stand”, ”I sit”, ”I lie down”; he understands any position of the body." - "The disciple understands that there is no living being, no real ego, that goes, stands, etc., but that it is by a mere figure of speech that one says: ”I go”, ”I stand”, and so forth." (Com.).
(or kriya)-citta: ”functional consciousness” or ”karmically inoperative consciousness”, is a name for such states of consciousness as are neither karmically wholesome (kusala), nor unwholesome (akusala), nor karma-results (vipa^ka); that is, they function independently of karma. Thus are also called all those worldly mental states in the Arahat which are accompanied by 2 or 3 noble roots (greedlessness, hatelessness, undeludedness), being in the Arahat karmically neutral and corresponding to the karmically wholesome states of a non-Arahat (s. Tab. 1-8 and 73-89), as well as the rootless mirth-producing (hasituppa^da) mind-consciousness-element of the Arahat (Tab. 72); further, that mind-element (mano-dha^tu) which performs the function of advertence (a^vajjana) to the sense object (Tab. 70), and that mind-consciousness-element (manovin~n~a^na-dha^tu) which performs the functions of deciding (votthapana) and advertence to the mental object (Tab. 71). The last-named 2 elements, of course, occur in all beings.
Together with karma-resultant consciousness (vipa^ka) it belongs to the group of ”karmically neutral consciousness” (avya^kata). See Tab. I (last column). - (App.).
(kiriya^, kriya^) citta is a term first used in the Abh. Canon (e.g. Dhs. §§ 566-582). It has an important place in post-canonical Abh. literature, e.g. Vis.M. XIV.
lit.”the downward-path”, the nether or infernal world, usually translated by ”hell”, is one of the 4 lower courses of existence (apa^ya, q.v.). The Buddhists are well aware that on account of the universal sway of impermanence a life in hell, just as in heaven, cannot last eternally, but will after exhaustion of the karma which has caused the respective form of rebirth, necessarily be followed again by a new death and a new rebirth, according to the stored-up karma.
the 3 ”abstentions” or abstinences, are: abstention from wrong speech, wrong (bodily) action and wrong livelihood; corresponding to right speech, action and livelihood of the 8-fold Path (s. magga, 3-5). By abstention is not simply meant the non-occurrence of the evil things in question, but the deliberate abstaining therefrom, whenever occasion arises. They belong to the ”secondary” (not constant) mental concomitants obtaining in lofty consciousness (s. Tab. II). Cf. si^la.
”energy”, lit.”virility”, ”manliness” or ”heroism” (from vi^ra, man, hero; Lat. vir; cf. virtus), is one of the 5 spiritual faculties and powers (s. bala), one of the 7 factors of enlightenment (s. bojjhanga) and identical with right effort of the 8-fold Path (s. magga). For further explanations, s. padha^na.
s. si^la.
s. pa^tiha^riya.
”extinction”; s. nirodha-sama^patti, anupubba-nirodha.
Nirvana == 涅槃
Nirvana is a Sanskrit word which is originally translated as "perfect stillness". It has many other meanings, such as liberation, eternal bliss, tranquil extinction, extinction of individual existence, unconditioned, no rebirth, calm joy, etc. It is usually described as transmigration to "extinction", but the meaning given to "extinction" varies.
There are four kinds of Nirvana:
1.Nirvana of pure, clear self-nature
2.Nirvana with residue
3.Nirvana without residue
4.Nirvana of no dwelling
(Sanskrit= ) Nibba^na (q.v.).
s. patisandhi, paticcasamuppa^da (3,10), karma, punabbhava.
”fading away”, detachment; absence of lust, dispassionateness. Appears frequently together with nirodha, ”cessation” (1) as a name for Nibba^na, (2) in the contemplations (a) forming the 4th tetrad in the exercises in mindfulness of breathing (s. a^na^pa^nasati 14), (b) of the 18 principal insights (No. 5); s. vipassana^.
According to Com., it may mean (1) the momentary destruction of phenomena, or (2) the ultimate ”fading away”, i.e. Nibba^na. In the aforementioned two contemplations, it means the understanding of both, and the path attained by such understanding.
image (during concentration): s. nimitta, sama^dhi, kasina.
s. bha^va.
Parinirvana == 圆寂
Not death, but perfect rest, i.e. the perfection of all virtues and the elimination of all evils.. Also a release from the suffering of transmigration and an entry to a state of fullest joy.
Niepan
佛教教义。又译作泥日、泥洹、涅槃那。意译为灭、灭度、寂灭、安乐、无为、不生、解脱、圆寂。涅槃原意是火的息灭或风的吹散状态。佛教产生以前就有这个概念;佛教用以作为修习所要达到的最高理想境界。含义多种:息除烦恼业因,灭掉生死苦果,生死因果都灭,而人得度,故称灭或灭度;众生流转生死,皆由烦恼业因,若息灭了烦恼业因,则生死苦果自息,名为寂灭或解脱;永不再受三界生死轮回,故名不生;惑无不尽,德无不圆,故又称圆寂;达到安乐无为,解脱自在的境界,称为涅槃。《大乘起信论》称:“以无明灭故,心无有起;以无起故,境界随灭;以因缘俱灭故,心相皆尽,名得涅槃。”佛教大小乘对涅槃有不同的说法。一般分有余涅槃和无余涅槃两种。一个修行者证得阿罗汉果,这时业报之因已尽,但还有业报身心的存在,故称有余涅槃;及至身心果报也不存在,称无余涅槃。据《肇论》介绍:小乘以“灰身灭智,捐形绝虑”为涅槃,是为有余涅槃;《中论》等则以“诸法实相”为涅槃,是为无余涅槃。大乘还分性净涅槃和方便净涅槃两种。本有的法身,名性净涅槃,即真如法性,亦称性德涅槃;假六度缘修,本有法身显现,名方便净涅槃,亦称修得涅槃。法相宗综合了大小乘涅槃学说立四种涅槃:①自性清净涅槃。虽有客尘烦恼,而自性清净,湛如虚空;②有余依涅槃。断尽烦恼障所显之真如;③无余依涅槃。出生死苦之真如;④无住处涅槃。断所知障所显之真如,此依佛的三身而说,有法身故不住生死,有应化身故不住涅槃,名为无住涅槃。大乘佛教认为涅槃具有常乐我净四种德性或常、恒、安、清凉、不老、不死、无垢、快乐八种德性。(刘峰)