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atta catu gati hate meat path sati agati amata ARHAT atta^ death great satta vatta water ANATTA Arahat atappa eating JATAKA MATTER matter sugati vatthu virati anatta^ created duggati matured patched patigha samatha sassata vipatti vivatta a^yatana anussati atima^na dogmatic fatalism KSATRIYA nibbatti PATIENCE patience sammatta sankhata tathata^ ujukata^ uposatha 谛(satya) 慧 (Mati) asankhata attention avya^kata breathing deviation dukkhata^ formation immediate mahaggata micchatta pariyatti patipada^ patipatti pativedha SENSATION SIX PATHS ti ratana aberration aggregates BODHISATTA Bodhisatta foundation generation intimation liberation MAHASATTVA MEDITATION meditation paramattha patisandhi pattida^na sama^patti si^labbata sota^patti ta^vatimsa tatha^gata TWO DEATHS vin~n~atti wrong path ANAPANASATI appicchata^ association attachments attainments BODHISATTVA foundations infatuation inoperative kamma patha kamma vatta mana^yatana MIDDLE PATH middle path origination patipannaka patti da^na penetration preparatory realization rúpa^yatana sala^yatana si^vathika^ temperature vavattha^na 無我(anatman) 真如(tathata) abhinibbatti accumulation dispensation dissociation hate natured heat element inclinations intoxicating kammattha^na pakati si^la patisandhika purification RENUNCIATION vatthu ka^ma 叁界(tridhatu) Abbreviations anatta^ va^da attentiveness atthi paccaya concentration CONTEMPLATION contemplation deathlessness determination dhamma^yatana ditthi ppatta hadaya vatthu investigating investigation kamman~n~ata^ kammattha^na^ loathsomeness material food nimma^na rati pa^gun~n~ata^ patisambhida^ patisankha^na satipattha^na tittha^yatana vivatta kappa water element abhibha^yatana asan~n~a satta atta kilamatha buddha^nussati citt’ekaggata^ devata^nussati dhamma^nussati EIGHTFOLD PATH eightfold path greedy natured katatta^ kamma marana^nussati natthi paccaya niyata puggala path condition relative truth samvatta kappa samvega vatthu sangaha vatthu stupid natured transformation ugghatitan~n~u upapatti bhava vigata paccaya 二谛(twi-satyas) 叁谛(tri-satyas) a^na^pa^na sati avigata paccaya cakkh’ a^yatana deluded natured EIGHT NEGATIONS FOUR GREAT VOWS gustatory organ indriya samatta natthika ditthi pathavi^ dha^tu pathavi^ kasina PRATYEKA-BUDDHA samatha ya^nika sappatigha rúpa SHATIKA SHASTRA sota^pattiyanga tatha^gata bala tranquilisation upasama^nussati 百論(Sata-sastra) 法界(dharmadhatu) 極樂世界(sukhavati) adhipati paccaya anatta^ san~n~a^ atthangika magga AVATAMSAKA SUTRA dukkha patipada^ faithful natured immaterial world ka^ya gata^ sati ka^ya vin~n~atti karma formations life infatuation mental formation natural morality nava satta^va^sa neyyattha dhamma ni^tattha dhamma THREE EVIL PATHS THREE GOOD PATHS vaci^ vin~n~atti 四谛(catur-satyas) 吳哥古迹(Angkor Vat) a^nupubbi^ katha^ anatta^nupassana^ cittass’ekaggata^ immaterial sphere kusala kammapatha na^natta san~n~a^ pakati upanissaya pan~n~atti si^la paticcasamuppa^da patta pindik’anga santa^na santati sati sambojjhanga sati sampajan~n~a satta^va^sa nava tatramajjhattata^ youth infatuation ahetu patisandhika atta va^dupa^da^na catu voka^ra bhava dha^tu vavattha^na health infatuation karma accumulation maturity knowledge nirodha sama^patti patibha^ga nimitta patikkúla san~n~a^ regenerative karma ruminating natured samatha vipassana^ self mortification tatra majjhattata^ tiraccha^na katha^ TWO FORMS OF DEATH 四大(caturmahabhuta) anabhirati san~n~a^ attha patisambhida^ death consciousness FOUR GREAT ELEMENTS intelligent natured majjhima^ patipada^ RIGHT CONCENTRATION sampaticchana citta sattakkhattu parama SATYASIDDHI SHASTRA sun~n~ata^ vimokkha TEN GREAT KING VOWS upatthambhaka kamma 阿底峽(Atisa 982~1054) 六足論(Satpada sastra) a^kin~can~n~a^yatana access concentration adaptation knowledge cemetery meditations dhamma patisambhida^ MANJUSRI BODHISATTVA niyata miccha^ditthi pubbeniva^sa^nussati regenerating process SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA sun~n~ata^nupassana^ ti hetu patisandhika vivattana^nupassana^ yatha^santhatik’anga 中道(madhyamapratipad) a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana bhojane mattan~n~uta^ death proximate karma dependent origination dvi hetuka patisandhi germinating once more ninefold dispensation nirutti patisambhida^ patipassaddhi paha^na pun~n~a kiriya vatthu THREE CLASSIFICATIONS ubhato bha^ga vimutta vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana catu pa^risuddhi si^la FOUR GREAT BODHISATTVA SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence yatha^kammúpaga n~a^na 楞伽經(Lankavatara-sutra) 緣起(pratitya-samutpada) bhayatupattha^na n~a^na catu dha^tu vavattha^na dasa (tatha^gata ) bala FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na patinissagga^nupassana^ sabbúpadhi patinissagga SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE VISVABHADRA BODHISATTVA 成實論(Satyasiddhi-sastra) 佛性(buddhata, buddhatva) attainment concentration patibha^na patisambhida^ reflecting contemplation hate rooted consciousness indriyesu gutta dva^rata^ SAMANTABHADRA BODHISATTVA TEN STAGES OF BODHISATTVA 佛教文學(Buddhist literature) a^ha^re patikkúla san~n~a^ dasa pun~n~a kiriya vatthu khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga paranimmita vasavatti deva TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION neighbourhood concentration origination of corporeality PURE LAND OF ULTIMATE BLISS yatha^ bhúta n~a^na dassana LAW OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION patisankha^nupassana^ n~a^na seven rebirths at the utmost 常樂我淨(nitya-sukha-atma-subha) 菩薩戒本(Bodhisattva-pratimoksa) THREE MEDITATIONS OF ONE MIND ascetic purification practices imperturbable karma formations sabba loke anabhirati san~n~a^ VIPASYANA SUKHAVATIVYUHA SUTRA lahuta^ muduta^, kamman~n~ata^ pariyatti patipatti, pativedha SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION patipada^ n~a^nadassana visuddhi n’eva san~n~a^ n’a^san~n~a^yatana NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 成唯識論(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-sastra) 達斯,S·C·(Sarat Chandra Das 1849~1917) a^rammana^dhipati a^rammanupanissaya FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS TWELVE LINKS OF DEPENDENT ORIGINATION TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 華嚴經(Bud dhavatamsaka-mahavai pul yasutra) 叁十七菩提分(saptatrimsadbodhi-paksika-dharmah) 中國佛教協會(The Buddhist Association of China) 大方等大集經(Mahavai pul ya-mahasanni-pata-sutra) 阿彌陀經(Sukhavati-v yuha-sutra,Amitayur-v yuha-sutra) 唯識二十論(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-vimsa-kakarika-sastra) 唯識叁十頌(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-trimsai-kakarika-sastra) 國際佛教研究協會(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) sura^meraya majja ppama^dattha^na^ veramani^ sikkha^padam sama^diya^mi ▲ 收起
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南傳佛教英文辭典 【1】paramattha

  (-sacca,  -vacana,  -desana^):  ”truth  (or  term,  exposition)  that  is  true  in  the  highest  (or  ultimate)  sense”,  as  contrasted  with  the  ”conventional  truth”  (voha^ra-sacca),  which  is  also  called  ”commonly  accepted  truth”  (sammuti-sacca;  in  Skr:  samvrti-satya).  The  Buddha,  in  explaining  his  doctrine,  sometimes  used  conventional  language  and  sometimes  the  philosophical  mode  of  expression  which  is  in  accordance  whith  undeluded  insight  into  reality.  In  that  ultimate  sense,  existence  is  a  mere  process  of  physical  and  mental  phenomena  within  which,  or  beyond  which,  no  real  ego-entity  nor  any  abiding  substance  can  ever  be  found.  Thus,  whenever  the  suttas  speak  of  man,  woman  or  person,  or  of  the  rebirth  of  a  being,  this  must  not  be  taken  as  being  valid  in  the  ultimate  sense,  but  as  a  mere  conventional  mode  of  speech  (voha^ra-vacana).
It  is  one  of  the  main  characteristics  of  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka,  in  distinction  from  most  of  the  Sutta  Pitaka,  that  it  does  not  employ  conventional  language,  but  deals  only  with  ultimates,  or  realities  in  the  highest  sense  (paramattha-dhamma^).  But  also  in  the  Sutta  Pitaka  there  are  many  expositions  in  terms  of  ultimate  language  (paramattha-desana^),  namely,  wherever  these  texts  deal  with  the  groups  (khandha),  elements  (dha^tu)  or  sense-bases  (a^yatana),  and  their  components;  and  wherever  the  3  characteristics  (ti-lakkhana,  q.v.)  are  applied.  The  majority  of  Sutta  texts,  however,  use  the  conventional  language,  as  appropriate  in  a  practical  or  ethical  context,  because  it  "would  not  be  right  to  say  that  ”the  groups”  (khandha)  feel  shame,  etc."
It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  also  statements  of  the  Buddha  couched  in  conventional  language,  are  called  ”truth”  (voha^ra-sacca),  being  correct  on  their  own  level,  which  does  not  contradict  the  fact  that  such  statements  ultimately  refer  to  impermanent  and  impersonal  processes.
The  two  truths  -  ultimate  and  conventional  -  appear  in  that  form  only  in  the  commentaries,  but  are  implied  in  a  sutta-distinction  of  ”explicit  (or  direct)  meaning”  (ni^tattha,  q.v.)  and  ”implicit  meaning  (to  be  inferred)”  (neyyattha).  Further,  the  Buddha  repeatedly  mentioned  his  reservations  when  using  conventional  speech,  e.g.  in  D.  9:  "These  are  merely  names,  expressions,  turns  of  speech,  designations  in  common  use  in  the  world,  which  the  Perfect  Qne  (Tatha^gata)  uses  without  misapprehending  them."  See  also  S.  I.  25.
The  term  paramattha,  in  the  sense  here  used,  occurs  in  the  first  para.  of  the  Katha^vatthu,  a  work  of  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka  (s.  Guide,  p.  62).  (App:  voha^ra).
The  commentarial  discussions  on  these  truths  (Com.  to  D.  9  and  M.  5)  have  not  yet  been  translated  in  full.  On  these  see  K  N.  Jayatilleke,  Early  Buddhist  Theory  of  Knowledge  (London,  1963),  pp.  361ff.
In  Maha^yana,  the  Ma^dhyamika  school  has  given  a  prominent  place  to  the  teaching  of  the  two  truths.

南傳佛教英文辭典 【2】paramattha

  s.  voha^ra-desana^.

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