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catu CHAN chie once ca^ga cakka cause chaos citta kicca nicca sacca space access action ANICCA anicca Avi^ci cakkhu carana carita chanda change course escape object picked trance va^ca^ absence avacara cankers cetana^ CHARITY conceit control counter craving created decline factors miccha^ miracle paccaya patched perfect Preface upacaya vica^ra acquired ca^ritta cemetery cetasika clinging deciding dogmatic kin~cana kukkucca papan~ca PATIENCE patience practice reaction scruples sucarita suchness uddhacca upaca^ra acinteyya adherence adhicitta cetokhila character CONDITION cosmogony cowardice duccarita ENDURANCE existence faculties IGNORANCE ignorance immediacy micchatta obstacles advertence analytical compassion conception conditions confidence contiguity continuity cuti citta detachment elasticity EXTINCTION extinction functional hindrances inducement low speech macchariya obduracies overcoming permanency productive reflection repugnance SIX PLACES successive tendencies upavica^ra appicchata^ ariya sacca association attachments chaste life co nascence contentment corruptions cutúpapa^ta deliverance destruction dosa carita forbearance intoxicants mind object nippapan~ca perfections performance proficiency RECOGNITION remembrance rúpa^vacara san~cetana^ vaci^ kamma vicikiccha^ accumulation arúpa^vacara ceto vimutti citta kkhana citta vi^thi conventional corporeality covetousness dhamma cakka dibba cakkhu dissociation impermanence inclinations intoxicating ka^ma^vacara lobha carita non violence pan~ca si^la predominance proclivities purification ra^ga carita recollectons RENUNCIATION RIGHT ACTION RIGHT SPEECH sacca n~a^na subconscious twin miracle ahetuka citta anuloma citta atthi paccaya birth process brahma cariya cakkhu dha^tu companionship comprehension concentration consciousness CONTEMPLATION contemplation contentedness disappearance FIVE OFFENCES FIVE PRECEPTS FIVE VEHICLES imperfections ka^ma cchanda kamma paccaya karma process magga paccaya manopavica^ra mental action pacceka bodhi post nascence sammuti sacca SIX ENTRANCES TIEN TAI SECT TWELVE PLACES TWO OBSTACLES unconditioned verbal action vijja^ carana vipacitan~n~u voha^ra sacca altruistic joy chal abhin~n~o citt’ekaggata^ citta santa^na citta visuddhi natthi paccaya pacceka buddha path condition sahetuka citta samudaya sacca TEN DIRECTIONS uccheda ditthi vigata paccaya visible object 瑜伽行派(Yogacara) anicca san~n~a^ avigata paccaya cakkh’ a^yatana chal abhin~n~a^ characteristics citta sankha^ra indriya paccaya mental function mental obduracy nihilistic view nissaya paccaya olfactory organ sankhitta citta sceptical doubt self confidence TAKING PRECEPTS THREE OBSTACLES vaci^ sankha^ra vipa^ka paccaya vitakka vica^ra 五明(panca-vidya) a^sevana paccaya adhipati paccaya anantara paccaya citta vipalla^sa citta^nupassana^ cognitive series equality conceit mano san~cetana^ monks’ community santi^rana citta sensuous craving te ci^varik’anga tiraccha^na yoni upekkhopavica^ra vaci^ vin~n~atti vin~n~a^na kicca votthapana citta 四谛(catur-satyas) a^cin!n!aka kamma anicca^nupassana^ ascending insight cakkhu vin~n~a^na cetaso vinibandha cittass’ekaggata^ destructive karma eye consciousness FIVE COMMANDMENTS ineffective karma mental advertence non disappearance paricchinna^ka^sa paticcasamuppa^da pureja^ta paccaya RIGHT REMEMBRANCE sahaja^ta paccaya sensuous clinging SIX CONSCIOUSNESS SIX PSYCHIC POWER upaca^ra sama^dhi upacchedaka kamma yoga^vacara yogi 桑奇大塔(Sanch Stupa) asankha^rika citta catu voka^ra bhava ceto pariya n~a^na corporeality group cycle of existence domanassupavica^ra full comprehension hasituppa^da citta karma accumulation meritorious action ONE BUDDHA VEHICLE reflex perceptions sampayutta paccaya samuccheda paha^na self mortification somanassúpavica^ra tada^rammana citta tiraccha^na katha^ unconscious beings upanissaya paccaya vippayutta paccaya wheel of existence yoga^vacara = yogi 佛所行赞(Buddhacarita) 四大(caturmahabhuta) 五种姓(panca-gotrani) 圆珍(Enchin 814~891) 最澄(Saicho 767~822) alcohol prohibition analytical doctrine counteractive karma death consciousness discursive thinking gradual instruction inferiority conceit lofty consciousness one group existence red kasina exercise RIGHT CONCENTRATION samanantara paccaya sampaticchana citta spiritual faculties superiority conceit 月官(Candragomin约7世纪) a^kin~can~n~a^yatana access concentration akuppa^ ceto vimutti cemetery meditations cinta^ maya pan~n~a^ derived corporeality five group existence four group existence greedy consciousness inference of meaning ka^mesu miccha^ca^ra niyata miccha^ditthi paccavekkhana n~a^na paccavekkhana suddhi paccha^ja^ta paccaya pan~ca voka^ra bhava pan~cadva^ra^vajjana regenerating process UNCONDITIONED DHARMA a^ka^sa^nan~ca^yatana animitta ceto vimutti corporeality and mind deluded consciousness germinating once more mind and corporeality pan~ca dva^ra^vajjana produced corporeality sacca^nulomika n~a^na THREE CLASSIFICATIONS transference of merit vi^thi = citta vi^thi vin~n~a^nan~ca^yatana abhisama^ca^rika si^la an~n~a^man~n~a paccaya appama^na ceto vimutti bhavanga sota^, citta catu pa^risuddhi si^la citta samuttha^na rúpa desire for deliverance desireless deliverance doctrine of the Buddha FIVE FORMS OF DECAYING prescribed moral rules resistance perceptions sensitive corporeality SIXTEEN CONTEMPLATIONS substrata of existence unshakable deliverance upahacca parinibba^yi^ 中国佛教(Chinese Buddhism) catu dha^tu vavattha^na FIVE BASIC AFFLICATIONS muccitu kamyata^ n~a^na receptive consciousness retrospective knowledge SIX STATES OF EXISTENCE 境行果(sthana-carya-phala) 毗尼多流支(Vinitaruci ?~594) 菩提流支(Bodhiruci 约5~6世纪间) 月称(Candrakirti 约7世纪中叶) a^dibrahmacariyaka si^la attainment concentration clarity of consciousness corporeality perceptions ego idea, ego perception multiformity perceptions paccaya sannissita si^la paricchinna^ka^sa kasina reflecting contemplation sacchikarani^ya^ dhamma^ verbal functions of mind 部派佛部(Sectarian Buddhism) 大日经(Mahavairocana-sutra) avoidance and performance hate rooted consciousness registering consciousness support decisive support 摩诃菩提会(Maha Bodhi Society) 日莲(Nichiren 1222~1282) a^kin~can~n~a ceto vimutti ability to acquire insight dhamma vicaya sambojjhanga functions of consciousness happy courses of existence impersonality of existence khalu paccha^ bhattik’anga mind consciousness element parassa ceto pariya n~a^na TEN VEHICLES OF MEDITATION balance of mental faculties karma produced corporeality neighbourhood concentration origination of corporeality thought thought conception 佛教建筑(Buddhist architecture) akusala sa^dha^rana cetasika 瑜伽师地论(Yogacara-bhumi-sastra) EIGHTEEN DIFFERENT CHARACTERS 中国佛教美术(Buddhist art in China) ascetic purification practices equilibrium of mental faculties SIX DIRECTIONS OF REINCARNATION subha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi sukha san~n~a^, citta, ditthi THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS 中国佛教音乐(Buddhist music in China) karmically acquired corporeality citta ja (citta samuttha^na) rúpa FOUR ASPECTS (OF BUDDHIST DHARMA) 望月信亨(Mochizuki Shinko 1869~1948) NIRVANA OF PURE, CLEAR SELF-NATURE 解深密经(Sandhinir-mokcana-vyuha-sutra) 中国佛学院(The Chinese Buddhist Academy) 达斯,S·C·(Sarat Chandra Das 1849~1917) 欧美佛教(Buddhism in America and Europe) 师觉月(Prabodhi Chandra Bagachi ?~1956) FIVE CATEGORIES OF UNTRANSLATED TERMS TEN GREAT DISCIPLES OF SKAKYAMUNI BUDDHA 金刚经(Vajracchedika-prajna-paramita-sutra) 异部宗轮论(Samayabhedo-paracanacak-ra-sastra) 马克斯·缪勒,F·(Friedrich Max Muller 1823~1900) 中国佛教协会(The Buddhist Association of China) karmically wholesome, unwholesome, neutral FOUR RELIANCE (TO LEARNING BUDDHIST DHARMA) SPHERE OF NEITHER-PERCEPTION-NOR-NON-PERCEPTION 国际佛教研究协会(The International Association of Buddhist Studies) ▲ 收起
当前显示“paticcasamuppa^da”的词条结果 显示所有
南传佛教英文辞典 【1】paticcasamuppa^da

  ”dependent  origination”,  is  the  doctrine  of  the  conditionality  of  all  physical  and  psychical  phenomena,  a  doctrine  which,  together  with  that  of  impersonality  (anatta^  q.v.),  forms  the  indispensable  condition  for  the  real  understanding  and  realization  of  the  teaching  of  the  Buddha.  It  shows  the  conditionality  and  dependent  nature  of  that  uninterrupted  flux  of  manifold  physical  and  psychical  phenomena  of  existence  conventionally  called  the  ego,  or  man,  or  animal,  etc.
Whereas  the  doctrine  of  impersonality,  or  anatta^,  proceeds  analytically,  by  splitting  existence  up  into  the  ultimate  constituent  parts,  into  mere  empty,  unsubstantial  phenomena  or  elements,  the  doctrine  of  dependent  origination,  on  the  other  hand,  proceeds  synthetically,  by  showing  that  all  these  phenomena  are,  in  some  way  or  other,  conditionally  related  with  each  other.  In  fact,  the  entire  Abhidhamma  Pitaka,  as  a  whole,  treats  really  of  nothing  but  just  these  two  doctrines:  phenomenality  -  implying  impersonality  and  conditionality  of  all  existence.  The  former  or  analytical  method  is  applied  in  Dhammasangani,  the  first  book  of  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka;  the  latter  or  synthetical  method,  in  Pattha^na,  the  last  book  of  the  Abhidhamma  Pitaka.  For  a  synopsis  of  these  two  works,  s.  Guide  I  and  VII.
Though  this  subject  has  been  very  frequently  treated  by  Western  authors,  by  far  most  of  them  have  completely  misunderstood  the  true  meaning  and  purpose  of  the  doctrine  of  dependent  origination,  and  even  the  12  terms  themselves  have  often  been  rendered  wrongly.
The  formula  of  dependent  origination  runs  as  follows:
1.  Avijia^-paccaya^  sankha^ra^:  "Through  ignorance  are  conditioned  the  sankha^ras,"  i.e.  the  rebirth-producing  volitions  (cetana^),  or  ”karma-formations”.
2.  Sankha^ra-paccaya^  vin~n~a^nam:  "Through  the  karma-formations  (in  the  past  life)  is  conditioned  consciousness  (in  the  present  life)."
3.  Vin~n~a^na-paccaya^  na^ma-rúpam:  "Through  consciousness  are  conditioned  the  mental  and  physical  phenomena  (na^ma-rúpa),"  i.e.  that  which  makes  up  our  so-called  individual  existence.
4.  Na^ma-rúpa-paccaya^  sala^yatanam:  "Through  the  mental  and  physical  phenomena  are  conditioned  the  6  bases,"  i.e.  the  5  physical  sense-organs,  and  consciousness  as  the  sixth.
5.  Sala^yatana-paccaya^  phasso:  "Through  the  six  bases  is  conditioned  the  (sensorial  mental)  impression."
6.  Phassa-paccaya^  vedana^:  "Through  the  impression  is  conditioned  feeling."
7.  Vedana^-paccaya^  tanha^:  "Through  feeling  is  conditioned  craving."
8.  Tanha^-paccaya^  upa^da^nam:  "Through  craving  is  conditioned  clinging."
9.  Upa^da^na-paccaya^  bhavo:  "Through  clinging  is  conditioned  the  process  of  becoming,"  consisting  in  the  active  and  the  passive  life  process,  i.e.  the  rebirth-producing  karma-process  (kamma-bhava)  and,  as  its  result,  the  rebirth-process  (upapatti-bhava).
10.  Bhava-paccaya^  ja^ti:  "Through  the  (rebirth-producing  karma-)  process  of  becoming  is  conditioned  rebirth."
11.  Ja^ti-paccaya^  jara^maranam,  etc.:  "Through  rebirth  are  conditioned  old  age  and  death  (sorrow,  lamentation,  pain,  grief  and  despair).  Thus  arises  this  whole  mass  of  suffering  again  in  the  future."

The  following  diagram  shows  the  relationship  of  dependence  between  three  successive  lives:
  PAST 1  Ignorance  (avijja^)2  Karma-formations(sankha^ra^) Karma-Process  (kammabhava)5  causes:  1,2,8,9,10
  PRESENT 3  Consciousness  (vin~n~a^na)4  Mind  &  Matter(na^ma-rúpa)5  Six  Bases  (a^yatana)6  Impression  (phassa)7  Feeling  (vedana^)   Rebirth-Process  (upapattibhava)5  results:  3-7
   8  Craving  (tanha^)10  Process  of  Becoming  (bhava) Karma-Process  (kammabhava)5  causes:  1,2,8,9,10
  FUTURE 11  Rebirth  (ja^ti)12  Old  Age  and  Death  (jara^-marana) Rebirth-Process  (upapattibhava)5  results:  3-7


Before  taking  up  the  study  of  the  following  exposition,  it  is  suggested  that  the  reader  first  goes  thoroughly  through  the  article  on  the  24  conditions  (s.  paccaya).  For  a  thorough  understanding  of  the  paticcasamuppa^da  he  should  know  the  main  modes  of  conditioning,  as  decisive  support,  co-nascence,  pre-nascence,  etc.
For  a  closer  study  of  the  subject  should  be  consulted:  Vis.M.  XVII;  Fund.  III;  Guide  (Ch.  VII  and  Appendix);  Dependent  Origination,  by  Piyadassi  Thera  (WHEEL  15);  The  Significance  of  Dependent  Origination  (WHEEL  140).

(1.)  "Through  ignorance  are  conditioned  the  karma-formations"  (avijja^-paccaya^  sankha^ra^),  i.e.  all  wholesome  and  unwholesome  actions  (karma,  q.v.)  of  body,  speech  and  mind,  are  conditioned  through  ignorance.  By  ”karma-formations”  are  meant  karmically  wholesome  and  unwholesome  volitions  (cetana^),  or  volitional  activities,  in  short  karma  (q.v.,  and  Fund.  II).
In  view  of  the  many  misconceptions  current  in  the  West,  it  is  necessary  to  repeat  here  that  karma  (q.v.),  as  a  technical  term,  never  signifies  anything  but  moral  or  immoral  action,  i.e.  the  above  mentioned  volitional  activities,  or  karma-formations,  as  either  causing  results  in  the  present  life  or  being  the  causes  of  future  destiny  and  rebirth.  Thus  karma,  as  a  philosophical  term,  never  means  the  result  of  action,  as  often  wrongly  conceived  by  Western  authors.
Now,  in  what  way  are  the  karma-formations  conditioned  through  ignorance?  As  concerns  the  unwholesome  karmaformations  associated  with  greed,  hate  or  delusion  (lobha,  dosa,  moha),  these  are  always  and  in  all  circumstances,  conditioned  through  the  simultaneous  ignorance  inseparably  associated  therewith.  Thus,  ignorance  is  for  the  unwholesome  karma-formations  a  condition  by  way  of  conascence  (sahaja^ta-paccaya),  association  (sampayutta-paccaya),  presence  (atthi-paccaya),  etc.  Ignorance  further  may  be  for  them  a  condition  by  way  of  decisive  support  or  inducement  (upanissaya-paccaya),  if,  for  instance,  ignorance  coupled  with  greed  induces  a  man  to  commit  evil  deeds,  such  as  killing,  stealing,  unlawful  sexual  intercourse,  etc.  In  these  cases,  therefore,  ignorance  is  a  ”natural  decisive  suppport”  or  ”direct  inducement”  (pakati-upanissaya-paccaya).  It  also  may  become  an  indirect  inducement,  by  way  of  object  (a^rammanúpanissaya-paccaya)  of  our  thinking.  This  takes  place,  if,  for  example,  someone  remembers  a  former  state  of  ignorance  combined  with  sensual  enjoyment,  and  in  doing  so  karmically  unwholesome  states  spring  up,  such  as  sensual  desire,  grief,  etc.
For  the  wholesome  (kusala)  karma-formations,  ignorance  can  only  be  a  condition  by  way  of  decisive  support  (upanissaya),  never  by  way  of  co-nascence  (sahaja^ta),  etc.,  since  wholesome  consciousness  at  that  very  moment,  of  course,  cannot  be  associated  with  any  unwholesome  phenomenon,  such  as  ignorance.  Ignorance  is  a  ”natural  decisive  support”  or  ”direct  inducement”  (pakatupanissaya),  for  example,  if,  induced  by  ignorance  and  vanity,  one  exerts  oneself  to  attain  the  absorptions,  and  thus  finally,  through  perseverance,  reaches  these  wholesome  states  of  mind.  Ignorance  may  also  be  for  wholesome  karma-formations  a  ”decisive  support”  or  ”inducement  by  way  of  object”  (a^rammanúpanissaya),  if,  for  example,  one  refleets  on  ignorance  as  the  root  of  all  misery  in  the  world,  and  thus  finally  attains  insight  and  entrance  into  one  of  the  4  supermundane  paths  of  holiness.
For  ignorance,  s.  avijja^;  for  karma-formations,  s.  sankha^ra.

(2.)  "Through  the  karma-formations  is  conditioned  consciousness"  (sankha^ra-paccaya^  vin~n~a^nam).  This  proposition  teaches  that  the  wholesome  and  unwholesome  karma-formations  are  the  causes  of  future  rebirth  in  an  appropriate  sphere  (gati).  The  karma-formations  of  the  previous  life  condition  the  budding  in  a  new  mother”s  womb  of  a  fresh  psycho-physical  aggregation  of  the  5  groups  of  existence  (s.  khandha),  which  here  are  represented  by  consciousness  (vin~n~a^na).  All  such  karma-resultant  (vipa^ka)  consciousness,  however,  such  as  eye-consciousness  (seeing),  etc.,  as  well  as  all  the  mental  phenomena  associated  therewith  (feeling,  etc.),  are  karmically  neutral.  It  should  be  understood  that  already  from  the  very  first  moment  of  conception  in  the  mother”s  womb,  this  karma  resultant  eonsciousness  of  the  embryonic  being  is  functioning.
Against  Dr.  Paul  Dahlke”s  misconception  of  the  paticcasamuppa^da  as  "one  single  karmical  moment  of  personal  experience,"  and  of  the  ”simultaneity”  of  all  the  12  links  of  this  formula,  I  should  like  to  state  here  distinctly  that  the  interpretation  of  the  p.  given  here  as  comprising  3  successive  lives  not  only  agrees  with  all  the  different  schools  of  Buddhism  and  all  the  ancient  commentaries,  but  also  is  fully  identical  with  the  explanations  given  already  in  the  canonical  suttas.  Thus,  for  example,  it  is  said  verbatim  in  Nida^na-Samyutta  (S.  XII,  51):  "Once  ignorance  (1)  and  clinging  (9)  are  extinguished,  neither  karmically  meritorious,  nor  demeritorious,  nor  imperturbable  karma-formations  (2=10)  are  produced,  and  thus  no  consciousness  (3=11)  will  spring  up  again  in  a  new  mother”s  womb."  And  further:  "For,  if  consciousness  were  not  to  appear  in  the  mother”s  womb,  would  in  that  case  mentality  and  corporeality  (4)  arise?"  Cf.  above  diagram.
The  purpose  of  the  Buddha  in  teaching  the  p.  was  to  show  to  suffering  mankind  how,  depending  on  ignorance  and  delusion,  this  present  existence  and  suffering  has  come  about,  and  how  through  extinction  of  ignorance,  and  of  the  craving  and  clinging  conditioned  thereby,  no  more  rebirth  will  follow,  and  thus  the  standstill  of  the  process  of  existence  will  have  been  realized  and  therewith  the  extinction  of  all  suffering.

(3.)  "Through  consciousness  are  conditioned  corporeality  and  mentality"  (vin~n~a^na-paccaya^  na^ma-rúpani).  This  proposition  implies  that  without  consciousness  there  ean  be  no  mental  and  physical  process  of  existence.  By  mentality  (na^ma)  is  here  to  be  understood  the  karma-resultant  (vipa^ka)  mental  phenomena,  such  as  feeling  (vedana^),  perception  (san~n~a^),  volition  (cetana^:  non-karmical  volition  is  here  meant),  consciousness-impression  (phassa),  advertence  (manasika^ra)  (M.  9;  S.  XII,  2).  For  the  basic  7  mental  phenomena  inseparably  associated  with  every  state  of  consciousness,  s.  na^ma.  By  corporeality  (rúpa)  is  meant  the  4  physical  elements  (s.  dha^tu)  and  the  corporeality  dependent  thereon  (s.  khandha,  I).
Mentality  is  always  conditioned  through  consciousness;  i.e.  consciousness  (vin~n~a^na)  is  for  mentality  (na^ma)  a  condition  by  way  of  conascence  (sahaja^ta),  mutuality  (an~n~aman~n~a),  association  (sampayutta),  etc.,  since  the  4  mental  groups  at  all  times  form  an  inseparable  unit.
Consciousness  (vin~n~a^na)  is  for  corporeality  (rúpa)  a  condition  by  way  of  co-nascence  only  at  the  moment  of  conception,  thereafter  a  condition  by  way  of  post-nascence  (paccha^ja^ta-paccaya;  paccaya  11)  and  nutriment  (a^ha^ra),  i.e.  as  a  support.  Just  as  the  repeatedly  arising  hunger  is  a  condition  and  support  for  the  pre-arisen  body,  so  is  the  conseiousness  arising  afterwards  a  condition  and  support  for  the  maintenance  of  this  pre-arisen  body.

(4.)  "Through  mentality  and  corporeality  are  conditioned  the  6  bases  (na^ma-rúpa  paccaya^  sala^yatanam).  The  6  bases  are  a  name  for  the  5  physical  sense-organs  and,  as  6th,  the  mind-base  (mana^yatana),  i.e.  consciousness.
Mentality  (na^ma;  s.  3)  is  for  the  5  physical  bases  (a^yatana),  or  sense-organs,  a  condition  by  way  of  post-nascence.  Cf.  end  of  3.
Mentality  (na^ma),  i.e.  feeling.  etc.,  is  for  the  6th  base,  or  consciousness  -  as  being  always  inseparably  associated  therewith  a  condition  by  way  of  co-nascencc.  etc.
Corporeality  (rúpa),  here  the  4  elements,  are  for  the  5  physical  bases  (a^yatana),  or  sense-organs,  a  condition  by  way  of  support  (nissaya).
Corporeality  (rúpa),  here  the  5  physical  sense-organs,  are  for  the  6th  base  (a^yatana),  i.e.  consciousness,  a  condition  by  way  of  support  and  pre-nascence  (pureja^ta-paccaya).

(5.)  "Through  the  6  bases  is  conditioned  the  (sensorial  and  mental)  impression"  (sala^yatana-paccaya^  phasso),  for  without  the  5  physical  bases,  or  sense-organs,  there  can  be  no  sense-impressions;  and  without  the  6th  base,  or  consciousness,  there  can  be  no  mental  impression.
Thus,  the  5  physical  bases,  eye,  etc.,  are  for  the  corresponding  5  sense-impressions  (visual  impression,  etc.)  a  condition  by  way  of  support  (nissaya)  and  pre-nascence  (pureja^ta),  whereas  the  6th,  the  mind-base  (consciousness),  is  for  the  mental  impression  a  condition  by  way  of  co-nascence,  association,  mutuality,  etc.

(6.)  "Through  impression  is  conditioned  feeling"  (phassa-paccaya^  vedana^),  i.e.  the  sensorial  and  the  mental  impressions  are  for  the  feeling  associated  therewith  a  condition  by  way  of  co-nascence,  association,  mutuality,  etc.

(7.)  "Through  feeling  is  conditioned  craving"  (vedana^-paccaya^  tanha^).  Any  (karma-resultant)  feeling,  whether  agreeable,  disagreeable  or  neutral,  bodily  or  mental,  past  or  expected,  may  become  for  craving  a  condition  of  decisive  support  by  way  of  object  (a^rammanúpanissaya).  Even  physically  and  mentally  painful  feeling  may,  through  the  desire  to  be  released  therefrom,  become  for  craving  a  condition  of  decisive  support  by  way  of  object  (a^rammanupanissaya).

(8.)  "Through  craving  is  conditioned  clinging"  (tanha^-paccaya^  upa^da^nam).”Clinging”  is  explained  as  an  intensified  form  of  craving.  It  is  of  4  kinds:  (1)  clinging  to  sensuality,  (2)  to  erroneous  views,  (3)  to  rules  and  ritual,  (4)  to  personality-belief.  Sensuous  craving  is  to  (1)  a  condition  of  natural  decisive  support  (pakatupanissaya).  For  (2-4),  craving  is  a  condition  by  way  of  co-nascence,  mutuality,  root  (hetu),  etc.  It  also  may  be  a  condition  of  natural  decisive  support.  For  example,  through  craving  for  heavenly  rebirth,  etc.  people  often  may  be  induced  to  cling  to  certain  rules  and  rituals,  with  the  hope  of  reaching  thereby  the  object  of  their  desires.

(9.)  "Through  clinging  is  conditioned  the  process  of  becoming"  (upa^da^na-paccaya^  bhavo),  i.e.  the  wholesome  and  unwholesome  active  karma-process  of  becoming  (kamma-bhava),  as  well  as  the  karma-resultant  (vipa^ka)  passive  process,  the  so-called  ”rebirth-process”  (upapatti-bhava).  The  karma-process  (kammabhava)  comprises  the  5  karmical  causes:  ignorance,  karma-formations,  craving,  clinging,  karma-process  (s.  1,  2,  8,  9,  10,  of  the  diagram);  the  rebirth-process  (upapatti-bhava)  comprises  the  5  karma-results  (s.  3-7  of  the  diagram).
The  karma-process  is  here,  correctly  speaking,  a  collective  name  for  generative  karmic  volition  (kamma-cetana^)  and  all  the  mental  phenomena  associated  therewith,  whilst  the  2nd  link  (karma-formations)  designates  only  karmic  volition  (s.  a^yúhana).  Both,  however,  i.e.  the  2nd  and  10th  proposition,  practically  state  one  and  the  same  thing,  namely,  that  karma  is  the  cause  of  rebirth,  as  we  shall  see  under  10.
Clinging  (upa^da^na)  may  be  an  inducement  of  decisive  support  (upanissaya)  to  many  kinds  of  wholesome  and  unwholesome  karma.  Sensuous  clinging  (ka^múpa^da^na),  i.e.  clinging  to  sensuous  objects,  for  example,  may  be  a  direct  inducement  to  murder,  theft,  unlawful  intercourse  with  the  other  sex,  evil  words  and  thoughts,  etc.  Clinging  to  rules  and  ritual  (si^labbatúpa^da^na)  may  lead  to  self-complacency,  fanaticism,  cruelty,  etc.  Clinging  is  also  for  the  evil  karma  associated  therewith,  a  condition  by  way  of  co-nascence,  association,  etc.

(10.)  "Through  the  process  of  becoming  is  conditioned  rebirth"  (bhava-paccaya^  ja^ti),  i.e.  through  the  wholesome  and  unwholesome  karma-process  (kamma-bhava)  is  conditioned  the  rebirth-process  (upapatti-bhava).  The  2nd  and  10th  propositions,  as  already  pointed  out,  practically  teach  one  and  the  same  thing,  namely,  that  karma  is  the  cause  of  rebirth;  in  other  words,  that  the  karmical  volition  (cetana^)  is  the  seed  out  of  which  springs  the  new  life,  just  as  from  the  mango-seed  is  generated  the  new  mango-tree.
Hence,  the  5  karmical  causes  (ignorance,  etc.)  of  the  past  birth  are  the  condition  for  the  karma-results  of  the  present  birth;  and  the  5  karmical  causes  of  the  present  birth  are  the  condition  for  the  5  karma-results  of  the  next  birth  (s.  diagram).  As  it  is  said  in  Vis.M.  XVII:
"Five  causes  were  there  in  the  past,
Five  fruits  we  find  in  present  life;
Five  causes  do  we  now  produce,
Five  fruits  we  reap  in  future  life."

Now,  just  as  in  this  process  of  continually  changing  mental  and  bodily  phenomena,  nothing  can  be  found  that  would  pass  from  one  moment  to  the  next  moment,  so  also  there  is  no  enduring  entity,  ego,  or  personality,  within  this  process  of  existence  that  would  transmigrate  from  one  life  to  the  next  (s.  na^ma-rúpa,  anatta^,  patisandhi,  khandha)."No  being  and  no  living  soul  passed  from  the  former  life  to  this  life,  and  yet  this  present  embryo  could  not  have  entered  into  existence  without  the  preceding  causes"  (Vis.M.  XVII)."Many  things  may  serve  to  illustrate  this  fact,  as  for  example  the  echo,  the  light  of  a  lamp,  the  impression  of  a  seal,  or  the  image  produced  by  a  mirror"  (ib.).
"Whosoever  is  in  the  dark  with  regard  to  the  conditionally  arisen  things,  and  does  not  understand  that  karma  originates  from  ignorance,  etc.,  he  thinks  that  it  must  be  his  ego  that  knows  or  does  not  know,  acts  and  causes  to  act,  and  that  arises  at  rebirth.  Or  he  thinks  that  the  atoms,  or  a  creator,  with  the  help  of  this  embryonic  process,  must  have  formed  this  body,  or  that  it  is  the  ego  endowed  with  faculties  that  has  impressions,  feels,  desires,  clings,  continues  and  enters  again  into  existence  in  a  new  birth.  Or  he  thinks  that  all  beings  have  been  born  through  fate,  or  fortuitously"  (Vis.M.  XVII).
Now,  on  hearing  that  Buddhism  teaches  that  everything  whatever  in  the  world  is  determined  by  conditions  some  might  come  to  the  conclusion  that  Buddhism  teaches  some  sort  of  fatalism,  and  that  man  has  no  free  will,  or  that  will  is  not  free.
The  problem  ”whether  man  has  a  free  will”  does  not  exist  for,  the  Buddhist,  since  he  knows  that,  apart  from  these  everchanging  mental  and  physical  phenomena,  no  such  entity  as  ”man”  can  be  found,  and  that  ”man”  is  merely  a  name  not  relating  to  any  reality.  And  the  question,  ”whether  will  is  free”,  must  be  rejected  for  the  reason  that  ”will”,  or  volition,  is  a  mental  phenomenon  flashing  forth  only  for  a  moment,  and  that  as  such  it  had  not  any  existence  at  the  preceding  moment.  For  of  a  thing  which  is  not,  or  is  not  yet,  one  cannot,  properly  speaking,  ask  whether  it  is  free  or  unfree.  The  only  admissible  question  would  be  whether  the  arising  of  ”will”  is  independent  of  conditions,  or  whether  it  is  conditioned.  But  the  same  question  would  equally  apply  also  to  all  the  other  mental  phenomena,  as  well  as  to  all  physical  phenomena,  in  other  words:  to  everything  and  every  occurrence  whatever.  And  the  answer  would  be:  whether  will  arises,  or  whether  feeling  arises,  or  whether  any  other  mental  or  any  physical  phenomenon  arises,  the  arising  of  anything  whatsoever  is  dependent  on  conditions,  and  without  conditions  nothing  ever  can  arise  or  enter  into  existence.
According  to  Buddhism,  everything  mental  or  physical  happens  in  accordance  with  laws  and  conditions;  and  if  it  were  otherwise,  chaos  and  blind  chance  would  reign.  But  such  a  thing  is  impossible  and  contradicts  all  laws  of  thinking.  Cf.  Fund.  III  (end).


(11.)  "Through  rebirth  are  conditioned  old  age  and  death"  (ja^tipaccaya^  jara^-maranam).  Without  birth  there  can  be  no  old  age  and  death,  no  suffering  and  misery.  Thus  rebirth  is  to  old  age  and  death,  etc.  a  condition  by  way  of  decisive  support  (upanissaya).
The  Buddha  has  said  (D.  15):  "Profound,  Ananda.  is  this  dependent  origination,  and  profound  does  it  appear.  It  is  through  not  understanding,  not  penetrating,  this  law  that  this  world  resembles  a  tangled  ball  of  thread,  a  bird”s  nest,  a  thicket  of  sedge  or  reed,  and  that  man  does  not  escape  from  the  lower  states  of  existence,  from  the  course  of  woe  and  perdition,  suffering  from  the  round  of  rebirth."  And  further  (M.  28):  ”Whoso  understands  the  dependent  origination  understands  the  Dhamma;  and  whoso  understands  the  Dhamma  understands  the  dependent  origination."

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