..续本文上一页k happiness and are averse to pain. The essential determinant of transgression is the volition to kill, issuing in an action that deprives a being of life. Suicide is also generally regarded as a violation, but not accidental killing as the intention to destroy life is absent. The abstinence may be taken to apply to two kinds of action, the primary and the secondary. The primary is the actual destruction of life; the secondary is deliberately harming or torturing another being without killing it.
我们所应避免的杀生是：「有意地」去杀害，刻意地去摧毁一个具有意识的生命。这项戒律的出发点在于：所有的众生都热爱生命、惧怕死亡，都寻求幸福而厌恶痛苦。犯下这条戒律的决定性因素是杀生的意志。这种意志将进而发动行为，夺去一个众生的生命。一般而言，自杀也被认为是犯了杀戒；但出于意外而杀了某个众生，却不被认为是犯了杀戒，因为在这种情况中，杀生的意图是不存在的。这条戒律适用于两种层面的行为：主要层面是真的摧毁了某个众生的生命；次要层面是故意地伤害或虐待另一个众生，即使没有加以杀害。
While the Buddha”s statement on non-injury is quite simple and straightforward, later commentaries give a detailed analysis of the principle. A treatise from Thailand, written by an erudite Thai patriarch, collates a mass of earlier material into an especially thorough treatment, which we shall briefly summarize here.29 The treatise points out that the taking of life may have varying degrees of moral weight entailing different consequences. The three primary variables governing moral weight are the object, the motive, and the effort. With regard to the object there is a difference in seriousness between killing a human being and killing an animal, the former being kammically heavier since man has a more highly developed moral sense and greater spiritual potential than animals. Among human beings, the degree of kammic weight depends on the qualities of the person killed and his relation to the killer; thus killing a person of superior spiritual qualities or a personal benefactor, such as a parent or a teacher, is an especially grave act.
佛陀对于不伤害的观点，十分简单而直接；但之后的注释书对于此一戒律，则做出了十分详尽的分析。有一份来自泰国，由泰国博学的长老所写成的论文，对照整理了许多早期的相关资料，并做了十分全面的处理，我们将在以下简要说明。(HRH PrinceVajiraJanavarorasa,The Five Precepts and the Five Ennoblers(Bangkok, 1975),pp. 1-9.)
这篇论文指出：杀生在道德责任上有轻重之别，并会带来不同的后果。三项影响道德责任轻重的主要因素是：对象、动机以及所投入的努力。在对象方面，杀人和杀动物的严重性是不一样的，杀人的业比杀动物更重，因为跟动物比起来，人有更高的道德感，更大的心灵潜能。而在人类之中，杀人的业的轻重又取决于：所杀之人的素质以及他与加害者的关系。因此，杀害一个具有更高心灵素质的人，或杀害一个对加害者有恩的人(如父母或师长)，是造了尤其严重的业。
The motive for killing also influences moral weight. Acts of killing can be driven by greed, hatred, or delusion. Of the three, killing motivated by hatred is the most serious, and the weight increases to the degree that the killing is premeditated. The force of effort involved also contributes, the unwholesome kamma being proportional to the force and the strength of the defilements.
杀生的动机也影响了道德责任的轻重。杀生的行为可能是由贪、瞋或痴所诱发的。在三者之中，由瞋念所引起的杀业是最严重的。而如果这个行为是预谋的，则其严重性就更大。此外，在杀生时所投入的精力也会影响道德责任的轻重。恶业的严重性与烦恼的强度成正比。
The positive counterpart to abstaining from taking life, as the Buddha indicates, is the development of kindness and compassion for other beings. The disciple not only avoids destroying life; he dwells with a heart full of sympathy, desiring the welfare of all beings. The commitment to non-injury and concern for the welfare of others represent the practical application of the second path factor, right intention, in the form of good will and harmlessness.
与不杀生(止持)相对应的正面行为(作持)，则如佛陀所言，在于培养对于其他众生的慈心与悲心。佛教徒不只应该避免杀生；还应该时时充满同情心，关切所有众生的利益。遵守不伤害以及关切其他众生的利益，便是以善意和无害的方式，来实践第二道支 —正思惟。
(2) Abstaining from taking what is not given (adinnadana veramani)
不偷盗
He avoids taking what is not given and abstains from it; what another person possesses of goods and chattel in the village or in the wood, that he does not take away with thievish intent.30
一个受持不偷盗戒的人，对于他人在村落或森林中所拥有的产业，不会起盗心而私取。(《增支部》 10： 176；《佛陀的话》，页 53)
“Taking what is not given” means appropriating the rightful belongings of others with thievish intent. If one takes something that has no owner, such as unclaimed stones…
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