..续本文上一页, wood, or even gems extracted from the earth, the act does not count as a violation even though these objects have not been given. But also implied as a transgression, though not expressly stated, is withholding from others what should rightfully be given to them.
不与而取，意指对于他人所正当拥有的产物生起盗心，并据为己有。如果取走的是无主物 —例如无主的石头、木材、甚至由土地所淬炼出的宝石，即使是不与而取，也不算是犯了不偷盗戒。而在另一方面，虽然戒律没有明确声明，但也隐含了应该给别人的东西，如果扣留而不给，也算是犯了不偷盗戒。
Commentaries mention a number of ways in which “taking what is not given” can be committed. Some of the most common may be enumerated:
注释书中，提到了许多「不与而取」的方式，以下我们列举最常见的几种：
(1) stealing: taking the belongings of others secretly, as in housebreaking, pickpocketing, etc.;
(1)偷窃：秘密取走他人的所有物，例如闯空门、扒窃 ……等等。
(2) robbery: taking what belongs to others openly by force or threats;
(2)抢劫：公然以暴力或威胁方式，取走他人的所有物。
(3) snatching: suddenly pulling away another”s possession before he has time to resist;
(3)掠夺：在对方还来不及抗拒时，突然取走其所有物。
(4) fraudulence: gaining possession of another”s belongings by falsely claiming them as one”s own;
(4)诈欺(或侵占)：藉由不实地宣称他人的所有物是自己的，来取得其产业。
(5) deceitfulness: using false weights and measures to cheat customers.31
(5)诈骗：运用不实的砝码秤铊与度量工具(如尺)，欺骗消费者。
The degree of moral weight that attaches to the action is determined by three factors: the value of the object taken; the qualities of the victim of the theft; and the subjective state of the thief. Regarding the first, moral weight is directly proportional to the value of the object. Regarding the second, the weight varies according to the moral qualities of the deprived inpidual. Regarding the third, acts of theft may be motivated either by greed or hatred. While greed is the most common cause, hatred may also be responsible as when one person deprives another of his belongings not so much because he wants them for himself as because he wants to harm the latter. Between the two, acts motivated by hatred are kammically heavier than acts motivated by sheer greed.
偷盗，在道德层次上的轻重，端视三项因素而定：取走之物的价值；受害者的素质；以及偷盗者的主观意图。就第一项因素来说，道德上的严重性与取走之物的价值成正比；就第二项因素来说，道德严重性随被盗之人道德品质的差异而有所不同；就第三项因素来说，偷盗行为的动机可能是贪念或瞋念，虽然最常见的动机还是贪念，但当一个人盗走另一个人的东西，不是因为他想要那个东西，而是因为他想伤害那一个人的时候，瞋念还是有可能成为偷盗行为的动机。在这两种行为中，因瞋念而起的偷盗比只因贪念而起所造的业更重。
The positive counterpart to abstaining from stealing is honesty, which implies respect for the belongings of others and for their right to use their belongings as they wish. Another related virtue is contentment, being satisfied with what one has without being inclined to increase one”s wealth by unscrupulous means. The most eminent opposite virtue is generosity, giving away one”s own wealth and possessions in order to benefit others.
与不偷盗(止持)相对应的正面行为(作持)是诚实。诚实，意谓尊重他人的所有物，以及他们对其所有物的自由使用权。另一个相关的德行是知足 —对于已经拥有的感到满足，而不会不择手段地企图增加自己的财富。至于与之(指偷盗)相反的最上美德则是「舍」：为了利益他人而放弃自己的财产和所有物。
(3) Abstaining from sexual misconduct (kamesu miccha-cara veramani)
不邪淫
He avoids sexual misconduct and abstains from it. He has no intercourse with such persons as are still under the protection of father, mother, brother, sister or relatives, nor with married women, nor with female convicts, nor lastly, with betrothed girls.32
一个不邪淫的人，不会与以下几种人发生性关系：仍在父母、兄姊、或其他亲属庇护下的人、已婚妇女、女囚，以及别人的未婚妻。(《增支部》 10：176；《佛陀的话》，页 53)
The guiding purposes of this precept, from the ethical standpoint, are to protect marital relations from outside disruption and to promote trust and fidelity within the marital union. From the spiritual standpoint it helps curb the expansive tendency of sexual desire and thus is a step in the direction of renunciation, which reaches its consummation in the observance of celibacy (brahmacariya) binding on monks and nuns. But for laypeople the precept enjoins abstaining from sexual relations with an illicit partner. The primary transgression is entering into full sexual union, but all other sexual involvements of…
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