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文殊智慧中的“和谐”原理(肖黎民)

  文殊智慧中的“和谐”原理

  山西省五台山文化研究中心 肖黎民

  提要:文殊通过“六妙”智慧与空相应、与真相冥、与外相通、与内相融、与人相和、与物相谐,从而大而化之、圆而通之、等而齐之、和而谐之,进而获得超越之意、和谐之理、圆融之境、自在之法和善转之力。这既是对文殊智慧本义的系统还原,也是对文殊智慧特色的哲学重构。文殊智慧中所蕴涵的有机整体观、辨证思维、超越精神以及对待诸矛盾大而容之、圆而通之的和谐圆融精神,在当今矛盾重重的多极化社会里仍然富有启发意义。

  关键词:文殊智慧 六妙法门 和谐原理 佛教哲学 人文精神

  Principles of Harmony in Manjusri Wisdom

  Xiao Limin

  Abstract:

  The Sanskrit name Manjusri is interpreted as “excellently auspicious," i.e., Manjusri Wisdom is hard to express in words and inconceivable. Corresponding with emptiness, responded with truth, interlinked with outside, fused with inside, harmonized with human, and communicating with objects by the Six Excellent Dharmas. Manjusri thereby regards all existences as perfect and interfused, all things as equal, all things as harmonious and unified. Because of infinite hugeness and infinite smallness, no boundaries could be seen and one could attain a sense of transcendence, the principle of harmony, the state of perfect penetration without obstruction, the dharma gate of freedom and the power of excellent transformation. By studying Manjusri Wisdom we not only return to the original meaning of Manjusri Wisdom systematically, but also reconstruct the characteristics of Manjusri Wisdom in a philosophical sense. It is the systematic principle of harmony and perfect penetration which is inherent in Manjusri Wisdom that makes it possible for us to finish modern transformation creatively in the new historical background, and supplies intrinsic basis of Buddhist principle for constructing a new humanistic systemnew “Six Harmonies",namely People”s geniality, family harmony, interpersonal amiability, humanistic peace, social harmony and world peace.

  Manjusri Wisdom is an organic component of Chinese traditional culture as well as the cream of eastern Buddhist culture. Manjusri Wisdom contains the organic view of integrity, dialectical thinking,transcendence, and the spirit of perfect penetration and harmony. In addition, it is significant to the contradictory multipolarized society today, and undoubtedly it is a best remedy that brings relief to all beings in curing all kinds of “modern diseases" caused by “duality" (separation between subject and object; self and others etc.). In the course of the Return and Reconstruction of Civilization, modern people may gain distinctive inspiration and beneficial enlightenment from the Wisdom.

  “文殊”的梵语意译即为“妙”,以彰其智慧“妙不可言”和“不可思议”。文殊智慧不仅是指“文殊的智慧”,作为佛家智慧的代表和般若的象征,文殊智慧同时也是佛陀智慧,或者更准确些说,所谓文殊智慧就是带有鲜明的文殊个性印记和语言乃至行为标识的佛地智慧。其基本来源,就是表现在大乘佛典里,由“文殊所说”和“佛为文殊所说”或文殊的其它“所说”共同构成的文字般若。

  作为大乘法会上“智慧第一”的首席菩萨和“法王子”,文殊极大地辅助了释尊的教化,并在此过程中表现出鲜明的东方个性和“外乡风格”。文殊的“妙智慧”妙就妙在妙达“第一义谛”、妙圆“不二法门”、妙入“自在三昧”、妙转“烦恼菩提”,进而妙言“不即不离”、妙喻“淤泥莲花”诸妙上,可谓无往而不妙。如果从文殊智慧的内蕴上讲,文殊法门就是这“六妙法门”。这“六妙法门”既集中地反映了大乘空宗的通义,又彰显出文殊智慧的鲜明特色和独有的“家法”。特别需要指出的是,由“六妙法门”所彰显的文殊智慧还构成了一个完整的哲学体系。

  在西方的语汇里,哲学一词就是“爱智慧”的意思。看来,无论是东方还是西方,智慧皆是人类共同的永恒追求。智慧有别于聪明。如果说聪明是人们在处理某种形而下的具体问题上的一些机巧的话,那么,智慧就是人类对形而上的根本问题所具有的终极关怀。艾略特所谓“我们到哪里去寻找在信息中丢失的知识?到哪里去寻找在知识中丢失的智慧?”即指此意。追释尊、文殊原初以圣言设教之本怀,归根到底是为了救度人间苦难,解脱人生烦恼。文殊智慧的“六妙法门”门门都是救度苦难、对治烦恼之法。

  所谓妙达“第一义谛”,就是让人们在“行深般若波罗蜜多时,照见五蕴皆空”,这是“度一切苦厄”的根本所在,它“能除一切苦,真实不虚”。或者也可以这样说,面对烦恼,要通过般若甚深智慧来深观法性,追溯元点,还原本来,探显究竟,将所遇到的形而下层面的任何具体问题、现实问题、人生问题皆与终极问题、“第一义谛”相联系,也即与空相应,与真冥合,与天地精神独往来,具有一种形而上的终极关怀,这样就会透过现象看到本质,透过表层看到深层,透过“有”看到“空”,以妙达“第一义谛”之空性来解构烦恼、放下烦恼、忘却烦恼、淡化烦恼、转化烦恼、超越烦恼,从而获得拯救和解脱。要想妙达“第一义谛”,就必须超越相待直至绝待、超越自我直至无我、悟空直到我空法空二性俱空的境地,最后空其所空,将这个空也空去。于第一义中,一法不立,一法不舍;从空起用,真空妙有。妙达“第一义谛”的智慧就是将这个“空”的过程视作一个无限否定、永远超越、“永不疲厌”的过程。每一次的否定都离肯定更近,但还不是肯定本身。所谓肯定就包含在无限的否定和无限的超越中,而“第一义谛”就同时隐含在无限否定所潜伏的空间里。这种“空”化的过程是一次次脱胎换骨式的蜕变、升华和质的超越的过程,是在否定中不断解构烦恼和超越烦恼的过程。它从本体论的根上刨掉了烦恼习气所赖以存在的依据。当悟到烦恼之“空性”时,烦恼也就立转为空,如一滴水顿时会消饵于空性本体的大圆觉海中。所以,妙达“第一义谛”的智慧可说是一种否定的智慧和超越的智慧。为了有别于其它类型的否定智慧和超越智慧,我们可以再加一句,“第一义谛”的佛家空慧就是无限否定的智慧和无限超越的智慧。它最后的肯定只是在无限的否定中显示出来。

  “不二法门”是“第一义谛”的另一种妙达方式,它为悟入“第一义谛”提供了更为便捷的认识门径,人们可以通过…

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