..续本文上一页r shore” or paramita.
"O my good and intelligent brethren, confused are they that do mere talking, for at the moment of their thinking they have committed blunders and wrongs. To practise Prajna in every thought, this is in accord with your inner Reason. Those who are enlightened in this matter understand Prajnadharma, and those who discipline themselves in this principle are practising Prajnacara. They are common mortals who do not discipline themselves in this, while they are Buddhas who practise this in their thought.
"O my good and intelligent brethren, common mortals are Buddhas, and all the passions and desires are born of Wisdom [or Enlightenments, bodhi]. As long as your thoughts are confused you are common mortals, but at the very moment you are enlightened you are Buddhas. When your Mind is fettered by sensuality, every desire you cherish is defiles; but as soon as your Mind is freed from the bondage, every desire of yours is born of Wisdom. O good and intelligent brethren, the Maha-prajna-paramita is to be most honoured, has no equal, and stands all alone. It does not depart, nor does it come, and all the Buddhas of the past, present and future are born of it. By the operation of this great Prajna all the passions, desires, and sensualites are destroyed that arise from the five Skandhas. By thus disciplining one”s self, Buddhahood is attained, and the three venomous passions are converted into morality, tranquillity, and wisdom.
"O my good and intelligent brethren, from this spiritual gate of one Prajna there have issued 84,000 forms of wisdom. Why
Because 84,000 different forms of evil passions are possessed by sentient beings. If they were free from sensuality, wisdom which is never independent of noes inner Reason would be manifest all the time. They that are enlightened have no hankering no repentance, no attachment. In them there is no hypocrisy awakened. Through the operation of one”s own true inner Reason, which is no more than Prajna itself, reflect upon all things and illuminate them, and cling not to them nor shun them. this is the way in which the Reason is perceived and Buddhahood is attained."
禅与一般文化
除了佛教对于中国思想的一般影响之外,禅宗的教育似乎特别为东方人所接受。由于禅宗,我们可以说印度佛教彻底在中国与日本本土化。禅宗并不像佛教的其他支派如天台宗,华严宗,中观宗,或瑜迦唯识派等那般富于抽象思考;而这种单纯性特别适合中国心灵实事求是的倾向。禅宗并不像道家一般与孔子的学说对立,却将它吸收,成为自己的一部份;这必然很受儒家的欢迎。另一方面,禅宗又同道家有相似之处,因为它主张不要执着于世间的事物,并且对大自然有一种神秘的赞赏,而这必然可满足中国的老庄弟子。总之,禅是如此富于弹性,如此能够溶诸家于一炉,如此能与环境相应合,以至最后终于包含了中国心灵所需要的一切。无怪唐代中期正式立宗以来,对于有教养的人和一般大众有惊人的影响。在那个时期如果没有禅宗,则一再发生的宗教迫害,可能已经把佛教在中国的影响全部扫除,而宋(九六○──一二七八)明(一三六八──一六二八)理学也可能不会产生。
中国的禅师所应用的是最通俗有力的语言,而不是梵文化的中国语,这件事情对于禅宗的流传,必然有不小的贡献。现今中国所有著名的寺庙,几乎都属于禅宗,尽管其中的和尚,已经不再具有古代禅师们的精神。儒家学者或有教养的官吏之认识佛教,大部份是接触禅宗文献所得。从唐代末期,知名的学者与政治家们,就经常出现在禅寺,或是潜心于禅的,或是沉醉于它奥秘的经典、文学。这个传统,似乎在今日有教养的中国人之间,仍然流行着。奇怪的是,禅师们虽然不用任何语言文字来证明他们的信仰,却产生出许多特别属于他们自己文体的作品。
日本
禅宗之以完美的形式传入日本,是在封建时期开始之际──这就是在镰仓时代。它的单纯,直接与有效,立刻赢得日本武士的心,武士们开始拜访禅寺。禅宗并没有早期佛教那种只被有闲阶级所接受的特点,同时,它既非悲观也非消极,也不讲求不抵抗主义。日本的武士阶层,长久以来就在寻求一个可以满足他们精神需求的宗教,这时立刻在禅的教训中找到他们的理想。日本历史中所谓的北条氏时期──这个时期以有效的统治、生活的单纯与军事实力出名──于是在“日升”之国将禅宗成功的建立起来。北条政府的古都──镰仓──现在仍旧存留的许多禅寺,就是当时历史的纪念碑。
继北条家而起的足利将军家,以及当时的皇室,都极其庇护禅宗,而禅宗在那时已经彻底浸透日本生活与文化的每一部份。去拜访禅师的,不仅有皇帝,政治家和将军们,而且还有文学家、艺术家、歌唱家、戏曲家、角力家、商人、茶道家和剑士。他们无法抗拒习禅的潮流,因为他们认为禅宗掌握了生命与宇宙的秘密之轮。
自日俄战争以后,常为人谈论的武士道,其发展受着禅宗相当的影响。事实上,它是日本三种道德力量的结合产品──神道、儒教与佛教。这三者对于日本的武士道之形成,都各有其贡献。各个批判家因立场之不同,而对于三者的贡献各有强调;但公平的观察者将不会否认,禅宗与武士道中的宗教与精神层面有着密切的关系。因为武士道的Lebensanschauung (人生观)与禅宗的人生观甚为相近。日本人在面对死亡之际,那种显然可见的安静,甚至喜悦,日本军人在面对强敌时,那种无畏以及同对手的公平竞争,都是武士道所特别强调的,而所有这些都是来自禅宗的精神训练,而不是来自某些人所认为的东方人特有的盲目命运观。
禅的修行
禅师们用两种方法来训练他们的弟子──智性的方法和意志的或情意的方法。为了发展弟子们智性的能力,禅师们把古代所讨论或形成的公案教给弟子,让他去思考。禅师可能要求他的弟子对诸如下列的公案表示意见:“什么是你未生之前的本来面目?”或“佛法是为叫你认识本心见性成佛,但你的心在何处?”或“万法归一,一归何处?”或“僧问赵州,如何是祖师西来意,他答道:“庭前柏树子。”这是什么意思?”
弟子在接到这些问题后,会想尽办法去解答。他可能会想“本来面目”是意谓存在的最终道理,或者会想“万法归一”的一是万物的绝对根本,而除了它自己之外,再无处可归。持着这些观点,他去参见禅师,…
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