..續本文上一頁nuses should be granted. The servant or employee, in his turn, should be diligent and not lazy; honest and obedient and not cheat his master; he should be earnest in his work.

　　第五：主仆關系。主人或雇主對他的雇工或奴仆也有好幾種義務：應視其人的能力才幹，分配工作及給以適量之工資；應提供醫藥服務，並應隨時酌發獎金。雇工奴仆應勤勿惰，誠實服從，不可欺主。尤其應該忠于所事。

　　Sixth: The relation between the religious (lit. recluses and brāhmanas) and the laity: lay people should look after the material needs of the religious with love and respect; the religious with a loving heart should impart knowledge and learning to the laity, and lead them along the good path away from evil.

　　第六：僧俗關系(也就是沙門梵志等出家人與在家居士間的關系)。在家衆應當敬愛出家衆及供養他們的物質需要。出家人應以慈心教在家衆，以智識學問灌輸給他們，引導他們遠離邪惡走向善道。

　　We see then that the lay life, with its family and social relations, is included in the ”noble discipline”, and is within the framework of the Buddhist way of life, as the Buddha envisaged it.

　　由此可見，居士的家庭和社會關系，已包括在聖律之中，而爲佛教生活方式結構之一部，佛蓋早已有見于此了。

　　So in the Samyutta-nikāya, one of the oldest Pali texts, Sakka, the king of the gods (devas), declares that he worships not only the monks who live a virtuous holy life, but also ”lay disciples (upāsaka) who perform meritorious deeds, who are virtuous, and maintain their families righteously”. [3]

　　因此，在最古老的巴利文原典之一的《雜部經》中，諸天之王——帝釋，就曾宣稱他不但尊奉有德的高僧，也尊奉廣修善行以正道持家的有德居士。［注叁］

　　If one desires to become a Buddhist, there is no initiation ceremony (or baptism) which one has to undergo. (But to become a bhikkhu, a member of the Order of the Sangha, one has to undergo a long process of disciplinary training and education). If one understands the Buddha”s teaching, and if one is convinced that his teaching is the right Path and if one tries to follow it, then one is a Buddhist. But according to the unbroken age-old tradition in Buddhist countries, one is considered a Buddhist if one takes the Buddha, the Dhamma (the Teaching) and the Sangha (the Order of Monks)- generally called ”the Triple-Gem”- as one”s refuges, and undertakes to observe the Five Precepts (Paňca-sila)-the minimum moral obligations of a lay Buddhist-(I) not to destroy life, (2) not a seal, (3) not to commit adultery, (4) not to tell lies, (5) not to take intoxicating drinks-reciting the formulas given in the ancient texts. On religious occasions Buddhists in congregation usually recite these formulas, following the lead of a Buddhist monk.

　　如果有人想做佛教徒，也可以毋須舉行任何入教儀式(或洗禮)(但要成爲僧伽的一員——比丘，則必須接受一段很長時間戒律方面的訓練和教育)，只要他對佛的教誡能夠了解，也深信佛所教的是正道而盡力遵行，他也就可以算是一個佛教徒了。但在佛教國度裏，依照曆代相傳不絕的傳統，他尚須皈依佛、法(佛的教誡)、僧(比丘團體)——統稱叁寶，遵守五戒——居士所應盡的最低限度的道德本分，和讀誦經偈。這樣才能被承認爲一個佛教徒。這五戒是：(一)不殺生，(二)不偷盜，(叁)不邪淫，(四)不妄語，(五)不飲酒。遇到宗教節日或法會等，佛教徒們常聚集一處，由一位比丘領著大衆，共誦經贊。

　　There are no external rites or ceremonies which a Buddhist has to perform. Buddhism is a way of life, and what is essential is following the Noble Eightfold Path. Of course there are in all Buddhist countries simple and beautiful ceremonies on religious occasions. There are shrines with statues of the Buddha, stūpas or dāgäbas and Bo-trees in monasteries where Buddhist worship, offer flowers, light lamps and burn incense. This should not be likened to prayer in theistic religions; it is only a way of paying homage to the memory of the Master who showed the way. These traditional observances, though inessential, have their value in satisfying the religious emotions and needs of those who are less advanced intellectually and spiritually, and helping them gradually along the Path.

　　做佛教徒，毋須舉行任何儀式。佛教是一種生活方式，主要的是要遵守八正道。當然在所有佛教國度裏，都有在法會時舉行簡單而優美的儀式。寺院裏也有供奉佛像的佛龛、塔和菩提樹，以供教徒瞻拜、獻花、點燈、燒香。這種儀式，卻不能與神教的祈禱相比。它只是爲紀念一位指示迷津的導師所表示的仰幕之忱而已。這些傳統的儀式，雖然是不必要的，卻也有其價值。它能滿足若幹心智能力較低的人們宗教情緒方面的需要，而逐漸誘掖他們走上佛法的大道。

　　Those who think that Buddhism is interested only in lofty ideals, high moral and philosophical thought, and that is ignore the social and economic welfare of people, are wrong. The Bu…

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