..续本文上一页nuses should be granted. The servant or employee, in his turn, should be diligent and not lazy; honest and obedient and not cheat his master; he should be earnest in his work.

　　第五：主仆关系。主人或雇主对他的雇工或奴仆也有好几种义务：应视其人的能力才干，分配工作及给以适量之工资；应提供医药服务，并应随时酌发奖金。雇工奴仆应勤勿惰，诚实服从，不可欺主。尤其应该忠于所事。

　　Sixth: The relation between the religious (lit. recluses and brāhmanas) and the laity: lay people should look after the material needs of the religious with love and respect; the religious with a loving heart should impart knowledge and learning to the laity, and lead them along the good path away from evil.

　　第六：僧俗关系(也就是沙门梵志等出家人与在家居士间的关系)。在家众应当敬爱出家众及供养他们的物质需要。出家人应以慈心教在家众，以智识学问灌输给他们，引导他们远离邪恶走向善道。

　　We see then that the lay life, with its family and social relations, is included in the ”noble discipline”, and is within the framework of the Buddhist way of life, as the Buddha envisaged it.

　　由此可见，居士的家庭和社会关系，已包括在圣律之中，而为佛教生活方式结构之一部，佛盖早已有见于此了。

　　So in the Samyutta-nikāya, one of the oldest Pali texts, Sakka, the king of the gods (devas), declares that he worships not only the monks who live a virtuous holy life, but also ”lay disciples (upāsaka) who perform meritorious deeds, who are virtuous, and maintain their families righteously”. [3]

　　因此，在最古老的巴利文原典之一的《杂部经》中，诸天之王——帝释，就曾宣称他不但尊奉有德的高僧，也尊奉广修善行以正道持家的有德居士。［注三］

　　If one desires to become a Buddhist, there is no initiation ceremony (or baptism) which one has to undergo. (But to become a bhikkhu, a member of the Order of the Sangha, one has to undergo a long process of disciplinary training and education). If one understands the Buddha”s teaching, and if one is convinced that his teaching is the right Path and if one tries to follow it, then one is a Buddhist. But according to the unbroken age-old tradition in Buddhist countries, one is considered a Buddhist if one takes the Buddha, the Dhamma (the Teaching) and the Sangha (the Order of Monks)- generally called ”the Triple-Gem”- as one”s refuges, and undertakes to observe the Five Precepts (Paňca-sila)-the minimum moral obligations of a lay Buddhist-(I) not to destroy life, (2) not a seal, (3) not to commit adultery, (4) not to tell lies, (5) not to take intoxicating drinks-reciting the formulas given in the ancient texts. On religious occasions Buddhists in congregation usually recite these formulas, following the lead of a Buddhist monk.

　　如果有人想做佛教徒，也可以毋须举行任何入教仪式(或洗礼)(但要成为僧伽的一员——比丘，则必须接受一段很长时间戒律方面的训练和教育)，只要他对佛的教诫能够了解，也深信佛所教的是正道而尽力遵行，他也就可以算是一个佛教徒了。但在佛教国度里，依照历代相传不绝的传统，他尚须皈依佛、法(佛的教诫)、僧(比丘团体)——统称三宝，遵守五戒——居士所应尽的最低限度的道德本分，和读诵经偈。这样才能被承认为一个佛教徒。这五戒是：(一)不杀生，(二)不偷盗，(三)不邪淫，(四)不妄语，(五)不饮酒。遇到宗教节日或法会等，佛教徒们常聚集一处，由一位比丘领著大众，共诵经赞。

　　There are no external rites or ceremonies which a Buddhist has to perform. Buddhism is a way of life, and what is essential is following the Noble Eightfold Path. Of course there are in all Buddhist countries simple and beautiful ceremonies on religious occasions. There are shrines with statues of the Buddha, stūpas or dāgäbas and Bo-trees in monasteries where Buddhist worship, offer flowers, light lamps and burn incense. This should not be likened to prayer in theistic religions; it is only a way of paying homage to the memory of the Master who showed the way. These traditional observances, though inessential, have their value in satisfying the religious emotions and needs of those who are less advanced intellectually and spiritually, and helping them gradually along the Path.

　　做佛教徒，毋须举行任何仪式。佛教是一种生活方式，主要的是要遵守八正道。当然在所有佛教国度里，都有在法会时举行简单而优美的仪式。寺院里也有供奉佛像的佛龛、塔和菩提树，以供教徒瞻拜、献花、点灯、烧香。这种仪式，却不能与神教的祈祷相比。它只是为纪念一位指示迷津的导师所表示的仰幕之忱而已。这些传统的仪式，虽然是不必要的，却也有其价值。它能满足若干心智能力较低的人们宗教情绪方面的需要，而逐渐诱掖他们走上佛法的大道。

　　Those who think that Buddhism is interested only in lofty ideals, high moral and philosophical thought, and that is ignore the social and economic welfare of people, are wrong. The Bu…

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